Generated by All in One SEO Pro v4.9.10, this is an llms-full.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Baker Mountain Guides Bellingham | Seattle ## Posts ### [Blog](https://bakermountainguides.com/blog/) **Published:** May 22, 2014 **Author:** ClickMonster --- ### [Northwest Avalanche
School](https://bakermountainguides.com/northwest-avalanche-school/) **Published:** August 22, 2023 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** Baker Mountain Guides is transitioning our avalanche education courses over to our new brand, the Northwest Avalanche School. The Northwest Avalanche School will operate alongside Baker Mountain Guides and is founded on the same passion and experience that has, historically, driven the quality of our avalanche education program. This shift marks a return to our core values and brings us into alignment with our identity as backcountry skiers, riders, and outdoor educators. Brands tell a story, and the story of a brand is one of people, places, and the events that shaped their journeys. The story of the Northwest Avalanche School began long before Baker Mountain Guides. --- ## “Paul is dead.” These words still ring in my ears, years later. His wife’s voice was strong and clear, despite the immense weight of grief that it carried. “He was killed in an avalanche earlier today, outside Driggs.” I had never known anyone who had died in an avalanche. I didn’t know what to say. “I’m sorry,” was all I could think to offer at the time. “We’re in southern Idaho. We’ll be there soon.” I set the phone down and stared out the passenger window into the inky black of the night. “Paul is dead.” I said. “Fuck,” Dana replied. “Yeah…Fuck,” I whispered. That was all we said. We were enroute from British Columbia to Colorado, after two weeks of touring in the Selkirk Mountains. We were on a collision course with the Tetons, and with the harsh and unforgiving reality of backcountry skiing. We were growing up fast. Dana parked the truck behind a gas station in Driggs a little after midnight. We crawled into the back and zipped ourselves into our sleeping bags. I rolled over and stared out the window of the canopy. The dark silhouette of the Tetons rose menacingly above the rooftops of town, and for the first time in a long time, I felt scared. I cried for Paul, and for his newlywed wife, and for the life they would never share together. “This doesn’t need to happen,” I said to myself. “I can change this.” ## Survival of the Fittest (or Luckiest) I took my AIARE Level 1 avalanche course 20 years ago at Berthoud Pass in Colorado. Things were different back then. [Alpine touring equipment](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/#ATSkisAnchor) was in its infancy, and telemarking was still super cool. This was the golden age. People had certainly been backcountry skiing and riding long before me, but the mountains were still a pretty quiet place during the winter months. However, the volume was about to get turned up to 11. Improvements in equipment, media attention, and even COVID were to eventually transform backcountry skiing and riding forever. What was once the realm of a handful of eccentric dirtbags has now become the fastest growing segment of the entire ski and snowboard industry. Avalanche forecasting has changed substantially as well. The mountains present the same hazards they always have, but the explosion in participation has prompted the wholesale renovation of how we communicate and manage avalanche hazard. The popularity of backcountry skiing and riding has been a boon to [regional avalanche centers](https://avalanche.org/#/current). As budgets have swelled, the money has allowed for a greater network of forecasters and technology upgrades, as well as the refinement of communication tools. How we teach avalanche courses has followed suit. Years ago, when avalanche forecasting was limited, and confidence in the forecast was often low, backcountry skiers and riders needed to determine what the [avalanche hazard](https://avalanche.org/avalanche-encyclopedia/human/resources/north-american-public-avalanche-danger-scale/#:~:text=It%20consists%20of%20five%20levels,%E2%80%93%20High%2C%205%20%E2%80%93%20Extreme.) was before they could attempt to manage it. This is an incredibly difficult part of the process, even for professionals. Consequently, avalanche courses focused heavily on meteorology, snow science, and the concept of “stability,” in the hopes that students could develop their own, real-time interpretation of the danger in any given location on any given day. Success was often limited as students struggled to apply these hard, theoretical sciences to the very real and very dynamic mountain environment. People died, especially in continental climates with more complex snowpack structure. Safety and proficiency could be achieved, but typically only via a long apprenticeship in backcountry travel. Even then, it was found that following certain, simple rules was easier than trying to constantly assess snowpack stability. Rules such as “wait 24 hours after a storm,” or “ski and ride slope angles under 30 degrees,” or “head home when the corn is boot top high” are simple tools for making sense of a not-so-simple problem and proved effective at saving lives. And so began the shift to rule-based decision-making, and ultimately, avalanche education that focused less on science and more on making decisions. Today, most regional avalanche centers produce fantastically reliable forecasts that are informed by a widely distributed network of highly skilled observers and forecasters who are all communicating and collaborating with each other, often in real-time. Forecast structure, language, and imagery has been standardized across most avalanche centers, and tools such as avalanche problems, observation references, and communication checklists have been developed to aid in the decision-making process. Students no longer need to re-invent the wheel every time they venture into the backcountry. Professional forecasts, paired with rules, checklists, and frameworks have made the backcountry more accessible by making it easier for backcountry skiers and riders to both recognize and manage the hazard. We know that modern avalanche education is working because avalanche deaths haven’t risen at all, despite massive growth in the popularity of backcountry snow sports. But that doesn’t mean that the backcountry is now “safe.” The mountains still present the same hazards they always have. ## Baker Mountain Guides I moved from Colorado to Washington in the spring of 2011 to guide on Mt. Rainier. I was a skier at heart, but back then, mountaineering was where a dirtbag climber and backcountry skier could make a little money. It only took me a summer of walking up and down Mt. Rainier to realize that I didn’t want to walk up and down Mt. Rainier for the rest of my life, so in the spring of 2012 I filed incorporation documents for Minier Guiding, LLC, doing business as Baker Mountain Guides. My intention was to offer backcountry skiing and avalanche education programs during the winter. I put in one more summer season on Rainier before calling it quits. Ultimately, Baker Mountain Guides became a year-round operation, offering summer mountaineering programs on Mt. Baker, proper, as well. I enjoy everything about the mountains, but backcountry skiing has always been my first love. I cut my teeth as both a backcountry skier and an avalanche educator in the San Juan Mountains of Southwest Colorado, which have long held the moniker of “North America’s Avalanche Laboratory.” The Pacific Northwest has a very different snowpack than the San Juans, and over the first few years at Baker I learned a lot about skiing and teaching in a maritime snow climate. As backcountry skiers and riders, experience in different snowpacks is critical for perspective, and quickly became a requirement for all of Baker Mountain Guide’s avalanche educators. Businesses are simply reflections of who we are as people, and they tend to flourish when aligned with values and heart. We may be best known for climbing the volcano that shares our name, but at its core, Baker Mountain Guides was and always will be a snow company, specializing in backcountry skiing and avalanche education. Like attracts like, and over the years, I hired a lot of fantastic guides and instructors who shared my passion for backcountry skiing, and my conviction in saving lives through avalanche education. Baker Mountain Guides was originally Mt. Baker Mountain Guides, and my dirty little secret is that I named the company after the backcountry terrain around the Mt. Baker Ski Area, not the volcano. Good people, working hard, and believing in what they do is what made Baker Mountain Guides so successful, but somewhere along the way we lost sight of who we were. At one point, we flirted with the idea that we specialized in hard-core alpinism. I liked the idea of it, but it never really felt true. I didn’t get into this gig to be cool, or even to summit mountains. I got into this gig because deep down inside there was a part of me that spent a restless night behind a gas station in Driggs, Idaho. Over the years, summer mountaineering programs consumed an ever-increasing amount of financial, mental, and spiritual energy, while at the same time, competition and climate change were wreaking havoc on the viability and long-term sustainability of guiding the volcano. Baker Mountain Guides was redlining, trying to be something to everyone, both inside and outside of the organization. Something had to give. ## The Northwest Avalanche School And then, somewhere in China, a man ate an infected bat (or something) and the world changed. The Coronavirus Disease of 2019, soon to be known as COVID, jumped borders and was tearing through ski resorts, and everywhere else, by the following spring. March 20th, 2020 was the day the lifts stopped spinning. Over the next week, masses of skiers and snowboarders elbowed their way into gear shops worldwide, attempting to purchase backcountry touring equipment. Avalanche education quickly became the foundation of our business, which felt right again. To be entirely transparent, avalanche education is lucrative, for several reasons, but it’s lucrative in a good way. Avalanche courses are more affordable than most of our guided programs, and the typical avalanche course student is younger and less affluent than our mountaineering clientele. There just happens to be a lot more of them. There’s an element of social equity to all of this as well, not least because we are teaching a lot of people how to do something that we love, safely, and for a reasonable price. In 2023, we decided to do away with our summer programs entirely. This decision was a long time in coming. Over the years, mountain guiding in the North Cascades had become unsustainable, and we were clinging to a false identity of being hard-core alpinists. Letting go created the space to imagine something new and different. We are now able to pour all our time, energy, and resources into doing what we love the most and have always done best. We are backcountry skiers and riders teaching others how to ski and ride the backcountry. We are the Northwest Avalanche School. Baker Mountain Guides will live on in the form of guided backcountry skiing and riding locally, as well as globally, but all our avalanche education programs will be transitioned to the Northwest Avalanche School. The Northwest Avalanche School will continue our relationship with the [American Institute of Avalanche Research and Education (AIARE)](https://avtraining.org/), and offer [AIARE Level 1 courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/), [AIARE Level 2 courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-2-avalanche-course/), and [AIARE Avalanche Rescue courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/avalanche-rescue/). Eventually we would like to host [AIARE Pro Level 1 and 2 courses](https://avtraining.org/aiare-professional-avalanche-training/) as well, for aspiring ski and avalanche professionals. A more streamlined organization allows the Northwest Avalanche School to invest almost exclusively in the quality of our instructional staff. This begins with paying some of the best avalanche education wages in the industry, which allows us to hire experienced instructors. We are also able to train and mentor our instructors in the most effective forms of modern, rule-based and tool-based decision-making. Our brand of curriculum emphasizes awareness and pitfalls of the human factor in the decision-making process, as well as comprehensive tour planning and terrain assessment. We’ve developed local terrain assessment tools, such as [run-list maps](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-run-lists/), as student resources that complement our pedagogy, and tie the curriculum together. But most of all, we are passionate skiers and splitboarders sharing our passion for the sport that we love. Everyone at the Northwest Avalanche School brings their own unique flavor to the party, and we all have a story to tell. These are stories forged in snowy mountains, ski patrol jobs, outward bound gigs, van-life escapades, ski tours gone right, ski tours gone wrong, and the countless avalanche courses that have not only allowed us to share our stories but have become stories themselves. And we almost all have a story of someone whose story ended too soon. That’s why we do what we do. **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Uncategorized --- ### [Understanding Avalanche Bulletins](https://bakermountainguides.com/understanding-avalanche-bulletins/) **Published:** July 31, 2024 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** ## Introduction to Avalanche Bulletins Avalanche bulletins are essential resources for anyone planning to travel in snow-covered mountainous areas. They provide detailed insights into current snow and avalanche conditions, helping backcountry travelers, such as skiers, snowboarders, and snowmobilers, to plan their routes safely. Understanding these bulletins can mean the difference between a safe adventure and a potential disaster. Avalanche bulletins are published regularly during the winter season and offer a structured overview of the avalanche hazard in a specific area. These bulletins are crucial for anyone engaging in winter sports or backcountry travel as they provide vital information on the likelihood of avalanches, current weather conditions, and snowpack stability. ## Key Takeaways **Aspect****Details**DefinitionAvalanche bulletins provide crucial information on avalanche hazard, snowpack stability, and weather.ComponentsBulletins typically include danger ratings, avalanche problems, and detailed forecast discussions.ImportanceEssential for safe backcountry travel, helping users assess risks and make informed decisions.Interpretation TipsUnderstanding danger levels, regional forecasts, and specific avalanche problems is critical.Safety MeasuresRegularly check bulletins, plan routes accordingly, and carry essential safety gear.## Components of an Avalanche Bulletin 1. **Danger Rating**: The [North American Public Danger Rating](https://avalanche.org/avalanche-encyclopedia/human/resources/north-american-public-avalanche-danger-scale/) is the most critical part of the bulletin. It indicates the overall avalanche hazard for a given day, classified into five levels: Low, Moderate, Considerable, High, and Extreme. Each level comes with specific travel advice and is color-coded for quick reference. For example, a Moderate danger level advises heightened caution, especially on specific terrain features, while a High danger level suggests avoiding avalanche terrain altogether. - **Low (1)**: Generally safe avalanche conditions. Triggering is unlikely except in isolated areas with extreme terrain. - **Moderate (2)**: Heightened avalanche conditions on specific terrain features. Human-triggered avalanches are possible. - **Considerable (3)**: Dangerous avalanche conditions. Human-triggered avalanches are likely. - **High (4)**: Very dangerous avalanche conditions. Natural and human-triggered avalanches are likely. - **Extreme (5)**: Extremely dangerous avalanche conditions. Widespread natural or human-triggered avalanches certain. ![Understanding Avalanche Bulletins North American Public Danger Scale](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/North-American-Public-Avalanche-Danger-Scale.jpg) 2. **Avalanche Problems**: [Avalanche problems](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/avalanche-problems/) describe specific types of avalanche hazards present due to current snowpack conditions and weather patterns. Common problems include storm snow, wind slabs, and persistent slabs. Understanding these problems helps in identifying potential hazards in different terrain. For instance, storm snow might indicate recent heavy snowfall, while wind slabs refer to snow that has been transported and deposited by wind. - **Loose Dry**: A release of dry, unconsolidated snow. Typically starts at a single point and entrains snow as it moves downhill, forming a fan-shaped avalanche. Known as point-release avalanches or sluffs. - **Loose Wet**: Release of wet, unconsolidated snow or slush. Starts at a point and entrains snow as it moves, forming a fan shape. Known as point-release avalanches or sluffs. - **Storm Slab**: A cohesive layer of new snow that breaks within the storm snow or on the old snow surface. Often forms during or shortly after a storm. - **Wind Slab**: A cohesive layer of snow formed by wind deposition, typically on the leeward (sheltered) side of terrain features. These slabs can range from soft to hard and may sound hollow. - **Persistent Slab**: A cohesive layer of snow in the middle to upper snowpack that fails due to a persistent weak layer such as surface hoar or depth hoar. These weak layers can remain dangerous for days to months. - **Deep Persistent Slab**: A thick, cohesive slab breaking deep in the snowpack or near the ground due to persistent weak layers like depth hoar. Often results in large, destructive avalanches. - **Wet Slab**: A cohesive layer of snow that releases when the flow of liquid water weakens the bond between the slab and the bedsurface below. Often occurs during prolonged warming or rain-on-snow events. - **Glide**: The release of the entire snow cover as it glides over the ground. Occurs in moist or wet snow and is often preceded by glide cracks. - **Cornice**: The release of an overhanging mass of snow formed by wind deposition over a sharp terrain feature like a ridge. Cornices range from small to large, potentially breaking back onto the ridge top. 3. **Forecast Discussion**: This section provides detailed information about recent weather events, current snowpack conditions, and expected avalanche activity. It helps users understand the nuances of the forecast and make more informed decisions. For example, a forecast discussion might explain how recent temperature fluctuations have affected the snowpack’s stability. - **Snowpack Analysis**: Insight into the stability and structure of the snow layers. - **Weather Impact**: How recent and upcoming weather conditions, such as snowfall, temperature changes, and wind, influence avalanche hazard. - **Avalanche Activity**: Reports on recent avalanche occurrences and their triggers. ## How to Interpret Avalanche Bulletins To effectively use avalanche bulletins, follow these steps: - **Check Regional Forecasts**: Start with the forecast for your specific area. Different regions might have varying avalanche conditions. For example, if you’re planning a trip to the Cascades, the Northwest Avalanche Center would be most relevant. - **Understand Danger Ratings**: Familiarize yourself with the five-level danger scale. For example, a “Considerable” danger level means that avalanches are likely and caution is required. This rating indicates that even experienced backcountry travelers need to exercise significant caution. - **Analyze Avalanche Problems**: Identify the types of avalanche problems mentioned in the bulletin. This will help you understand the specific risks you might face. For instance, knowing that wind slabs are present can help you avoid wind-loaded slopes where avalanches are more likely to occur. - **Read the Forecast Discussion**: Pay attention to the detailed analysis provided. It often contains valuable insights into how recent weather has affected the snowpack. For example, a discussion might highlight that recent warm weather followed by a cold snap has created a weak layer in the snowpack. ## Practical Tips for Backcountry Travelers 1. **Plan Ahead**: Always check the avalanche bulletin before heading out. This will help you prepare for the conditions you might encounter. For instance, if the bulletin indicates a High danger level, you might consider postponing your trip or choosing a safer route. 2. **Carry Essential Gear**: Always bring [avalanche safety equipment](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/#GearAnchor) such as shovels, probes, and beacons. Ensure you know how to use them. For example, a beacon is only useful if you know how to conduct a search in case of an avalanche. 3. **Stay Informed**: Conditions can change rapidly. Continuously monitor the forecast and adjust your plans as necessary. For example, a sudden storm can quickly elevate the avalanche hazard. 4. **Travel Wisely**: Use a [backcountry run list](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-run-lists/) to avoid high-risk areas, especially during elevated danger levels. Stick to safer routes and be conservative in your decision-making. Utilize travel techniques so that only one person at a time is exposed to avalanche hazard. 5. **Understand Terrain Traps**: Terrain traps are features that can increase the severity of being caught in an avalanche. These include gullies, cliffs, and trees. Avoid traveling in or near these areas, especially during higher danger levels. 6. **Learn and Practice**: Take [avalanche safety courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/#avalanche) to understand better how to read bulletins, use safety equipment, and recognize dangerous conditions. Practice these skills regularly to stay proficient. ## Regional Forecasts Bulletins are specific to regions, providing localized information crucial for accurate risk assessment. It’s important to check forecasts for the specific area you plan to visit. For example, the avalanche conditions in the Rocky Mountains might differ significantly from those in the Sierra Nevada. Avalanche centers across the United States play a crucial role in providing safety messaging, educational resources, and real-time avalanche forecasts to help backcountry travelers make informed decisions. Here’s a concise overview of the main avalanche centers and the areas they serve: **Forest Service Avalanche Centers** 1. [Bridgeport Avalanche Center](https://bridgeportavalanchecenter.org/) – Bridgeport, CA 2. [Bridger-Teton Avalanche Center](https://bridgertetonavalanchecenter.org/) – Teton Village, WY 3. [Chugach National Forest Avalanche Information Center](https://www.cnfaic.org/) – Girdwood, AK 4. [Flathead Avalanche Center](https://www.flatheadavalanche.org/) – Hungry Horse, MT 5. [Gallatin National Forest Avalanche Center](https://www.mtavalanche.com/) – Bozeman, MT 6. [Idaho Panhandle Avalanche Center](https://www.idahopanhandleavalanche.org/) – Ponderay, ID 7. [Northwest Avalanche Center](https://nwac.us/) – Seattle, WA 8. [Mt. Shasta Avalanche Center](https://www.shastaavalanche.org/#/) – Mount Shasta, CA 9. [Mt. Washington Avalanche Center](https://www.mountwashingtonavalanchecenter.org/) – Gorham, NH 10. [Payette Avalanche Center](https://payetteavalanche.org/) – McCall, ID 11. [Sawtooth Avalanche Center](https://www.sawtoothavalanche.com/) – Sun Valley, ID 12. [Sierra Avalanche Center](https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/) – Truckee, CA 13. [Utah Avalanche Center](https://utahavalanchecenter.org/) – Salt Lake City, UT 14. [West Central Montana Avalanche Center](https://missoulaavalanche.org/) – Missoula, MT **State Avalanche Center** 1. [Colorado Avalanche Information Center](https://avalanche.state.co.us/) – Boulder, CO **Local Nonprofit Avalanche Centers** 1. [Alaska Avalanche Information Center](https://alaskasnow.org/) – Valdez, AK 2. [Central Oregon Avalanche Center](https://www.coavalanche.org/) – Bend, OR 3. [Crested Butte Avalanche Center](https://cbavalanchecenter.org/) – Crested Butte, CO 4. [Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center](https://www.esavalanche.org/) – Mammoth Lakes, CA 5. [Hatcher Pass Avalanche Center](https://hpavalanche.org/) – Palmer, AK 6. [Kachina Peaks Avalanche Center](https://kachinapeaks.org/) – Flagstaff, AZ 7. [Taos Avalanche Center](https://taosavalanchecenter.org/) – El Prado, NM 8. [Wallowa Avalanche Center](https://wallowaavalanchecenter.org/) – Joseph, OR ## Importance of Avalanche Education Understanding and interpreting avalanche bulletins is a crucial skill for anyone involved in backcountry activities. Education and training on avalanche safety are highly recommended. Many organizations offer courses that cover the basics of travelling in avalanche terrain. These courses provide hands-on training in recognizing avalanche terrain, using safety equipment, and making informed decisions in the backcountry. Avalanche education doesn’t stop at a single course. Regularly updating your knowledge and skills is crucial as snow science and forecasting techniques evolve. Participating in refresher courses and field training sessions can help keep your skills sharp and ensure you are up-to-date with the latest safety practices. ## Conclusion Avalanche bulletins are essential tools for ensuring safety in avalanche-prone areas. By understanding how to read and interpret these bulletins, backcountry travelers can significantly reduce their risk and enjoy their activities more safely. Regularly checking the bulletin, understanding its components, and planning accordingly are key steps in avalanche safety. Remember, no bulletin can replace personal vigilance and caution; always be prepared and stay informed. For more information on how to read avalanche bulletins and stay safe in avalanche terrain, consider enrolling in a Baker Mountain Guides [avalanche education course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/#avalanche). **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [Levels of Avalanche Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/levels-of-avalanche-courses/) **Published:** July 30, 2024 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** ## Comprehensive Guide to Avalanche Courses Avalanche education is crucial for anyone planning to venture into backcountry areas during the winter season. With the [growing popularity of backcountry skiing, snowboarding, and winter mountaineering](https://unofficialnetworks.com/2023/02/14/backcountry-skiing-popular/), understanding avalanche safety is more important than ever. This guide will provide an in-depth look at the different levels of avalanche courses, helping you choose the right training to ensure your safety and preparedness in avalanche terrain. ![Levels of Avalanche Courses Avalanche Awareness](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Levels-of-Avalanche-Courses-Avalanche-Awareness.jpg) ## Key Takeaways **Course Level****Length****Focus**Avalanche Awareness1.5 hoursBasic knowledge of avalanche hazardsLevel 13 daysTerrain selection, hazard recognition, rescueAvalanche Rescue1 dayRescue techniques, beacon searchesLevel 23 daysSnow science, weather, avalanche forecastingPro Level 1 (Pro 1)5 daysAdvanced skills, professional decision-makingPro Level 2 (Pro 2)6 daysOperational risk management, leadership## Avalanche Awareness Avalanche Awareness courses are the starting point for anyone new to backcountry travel or looking to refresh their knowledge. These courses are typically free and consist of short lectures that provide an overview of basic avalanche knowledge. Topics covered include recognizing avalanche terrain, understanding the basics of snowpack and weather, and learning about the necessary safety equipment. These courses are designed to give participants a fundamental understanding of avalanche hazards and how to avoid them. While they do not provide certification, they are an excellent introduction to avalanche education and a stepping stone to more advanced courses. [NWAC Avalanche Awareness Courses](https://nwac.us/avalanche-awareness-classes/)​ ## Level 1 Avalanche Course ![Levels of Avalanche Courses Level 1](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Levels-of-Avalanche-Courses-Level-1.jpg) The Level 1 Avalanche Course is the foundational course for recreational backcountry users. Typically spanning three days, or 24 hours, this course includes both classroom sessions and field training. The curriculum is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to avalanche safety and covers several critical areas: - **Terrain Selection**: Understanding how to choose safe routes in avalanche terrain. - **Hazard Recognition**: Learning to interpret and use avalanche forecasts to make informed decisions. - **Field Observations**: Identifying signs of unstable snow and recognizing potential avalanche hazards. - **Basic Rescue Techniques**: [Learning how to use avalanche transceivers, probes, and shovels effectively in a rescue scenario.](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/single-burial-avalanche-rescue/) Participants will spend time both in the classroom and in the field, applying what they have learned in a practical setting. This course is essential for anyone new to backcountry skiing or snowboarding and provides a solid foundation for further avalanche education​. [AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/)​ ## Avalanche Rescue Course ![Levels of Avalanche Courses Avalanche Rescue](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Levels-of-Avalanche-Courses-Avalanche-Rescue.jpg) The Avalanche Rescue Course is a one-day, intensive field course that focuses solely on rescue scenarios. This course is designed to teach participants the essential skills needed to conduct a successful avalanche rescue. Key components of the course include: - **Beacon Searches**: Learning how to efficiently use an avalanche transceiver to locate buried victims. - **Probing**: Techniques for pinpointing a buried person’s location. - **Shoveling**: [Effective methods for digging out an avalanche victim.](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/strategic-shoveling-for-avalanche-rescue/) This course can be taken before or after the Level 1 course and is a prerequisite for the Level 2 course. While the Avalanche Rescue course does not provide certification, it is an invaluable addition to your avalanche safety education​. [AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/avalanche-rescue/)​ ## Level 2 Avalanche Course ![Levels of Avalanche Courses Level 2](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Levels-of-Avalanche-Courses-Level-2.jpg) The Level 2 Avalanche Course builds on the knowledge and skills gained in the Level 1 course and the Avalanche Rescue course. This advanced course is designed for those who want to deepen their understanding of snow science and improve their decision-making skills in avalanche terrain. The Level 2 course typically spans three days and includes both classroom and field sessions. Key areas of focus include: - **Snow Science**: Detailed study of snowpack characteristics and how they contribute to avalanche formation. - **Weather Patterns**: Understanding how weather influences snow stability. - **Avalanche Forecasting**: Extrapolating short term avalanche hazard in local terrain based on snowpack observations and weather forecasts. The Level 2 course is ideal for experienced backcountry travelers who want to take on leadership roles in their groups and make more informed decisions in avalanche terrain​. [AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-2-avalanche-course/)​ ## Professional Level 1 (Pro 1) The Pro Level 1 course, also known as Pro 1, is intended for those pursuing a career in avalanche safety or those looking to enhance their professional skills. This five-day course provides rigorous training in advanced avalanche safety and decision-making. It includes both classroom sessions and extensive fieldwork, mirroring the pace and flow of an operational environment. Prerequisites for the Pro 1 course include: - **Completion of Level 1**: Foundational knowledge in avalanche safety. - **Avalanche Rescue**: Proficiency in rescue techniques. - **Relevant Experience**: At least one full winter season of documented experience in avalanche terrain. The Pro 1 course covers advanced skills such as professional observation techniques, operational risk management, and effective communication strategies. Participants are evaluated on their ability to apply these skills in real-world scenarios, and successful completion results in professional certification​. [AIARE Pro 1 Avalanche Course](https://avtraining.org/aiare-pro-1/)​ ## Professional Level 2 (Pro 2) The Pro Level 2 course, or Pro 2, is designed for experienced avalanche professionals who are looking to take on leadership roles within avalanche safety operations. This six-day course builds on the skills learned in the Pro 1 course and focuses on advanced risk management, forecasting, and leadership skills. Prerequisites for the Pro 2 course include: - **Pro Level 1 Certification**: Completion of the Pro 1 course. - **Extensive Professional Experience**: Several seasons of documented experience in avalanche operations. The Pro 2 course includes advanced classroom sessions, field exercises, and operational risk management scenarios. Participants learn to lead avalanche safety operations, make critical decisions in high-stakes environments, and communicate effectively with their teams. Successful completion of this course results in advanced professional certification, opening up opportunities for leadership roles in avalanche safety​​. [AIARE Pro 2 Avalanche Course](https://avtraining.org/aiare-pro-2/)​ ## Choosing the Right Course ![Levels of Avalanche Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Levels-of-Avalanche-Courses-Takeaways.jpg) Selecting the right avalanche course depends on your current skill level, experience, and goals. Here’s a guide to help you decide: - **Beginners**: Start with the Avalanche Awareness and Level 1 courses to build a solid foundation of knowledge and skills. - **Intermediate**: As you gain more experience, the Avalanche Rescue and Level 2 courses will enhance your understanding of snow science and improve your decision-making skills. - **Aspiring Professionals**: For those looking to work in the avalanche safety field, the Pro Level 1 and Pro Level 2 courses are essential steps in your career progression. By understanding the different levels of avalanche courses and their respective focuses, you can make an informed decision about which course is right for you. For more information on course offerings and schedules, check out [Baker Mountain Guides’ courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses) and the [American Avalanche Association](https://avtraining.org/aiare-level-1/) for additional resources and professional training opportunities. **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [How Much Does an Avalanche Course Cost?](https://bakermountainguides.com/how-much-does-avalanche-course-cost/) **Published:** September 9, 2023 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** So, you’re ready to begin your avalanche education, and you’re asking yourself “how much does an avalanche course cost?” Well, in the spirit of transparency, Baker Mountain Guides and the [Northwest Avalanche School](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/northwest-avalanche-school/) are going to break it down for you. Not only are we going to be upfront about our prices this winter, but we’ve done the hard work of gathering current prices from a number of other well-known avalanche course providers, so that you don’t have to. Because we are based in Bellingham, WA, we’re going to be looking, mostly, at other providers in Washington State. But we’ll throw in some rates for a couple other folks around the country as well, for good measure. Quotes includes curriculums produced by the [American Institute for Avalanche Research and Education (AIARE)](https://avtraining.org/), as well as the [American Avalanche Institute (AAI)](https://www.americanavalancheinstitute.com/). Both curriculums meet national standards set by the [American Avalanche Association (AAA)](https://www.americanavalancheassociation.org/). Some of these providers are cheaper and some are more expensive, and you may be asking yourself, why? We’re going to break that down as well. We like to mind our own business, so we don’t know the specific ins and outs of anyone else’s operations, but we’ve been in this gig long enough to know how the industry works. It basically boils down to margins, which are driven by competition, ratios, wages, and general overhead. Get ready for the numbers. --- ## Winter 2024-2025 Avalanche Course Costs **Baker Mountain Guides / Northwest Avalanche School (WA):** - [AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course:](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/) $600 - [AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course:](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-2-avalanche-course/) $600 - [AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course:](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/avalanche-rescue/) $275 **American Alpine Institute (WA):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $725 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $745 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $295 **Cascade Mountain Ascents (WA):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $600 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $600 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $275 **Guided Exposure (WA):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $600 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $600 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $250 **Mountain Madness (WA):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $575 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $575 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $250 **Alpine Ascent International (WA):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $600 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $675 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $185 **Pro Guiding Service (WA):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $575 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $575 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $235 **Backcountry Adventure Guides (WA):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $555 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $555 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $225 **Mountain Bureau (WA):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $550 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $550 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $225 **Oregon Ski Guides (OR):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $695 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $695 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $250 **Sierra Mountain Guides (CA):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $685 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $765 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $265 **Colorado Mountain School (CO):** - AAI Level 1 Avalanche Course: $719 - AAI Level 2 Avalanche Course: $749 - AAI Avalanche Rescue Course: $279 **White Pine Touring (UT):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $595 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: 695 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $200 **Jackson Hole Mountain Guides (WY):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $635 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: $700 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $250 **Petra Cliffs (VT):** - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course: $625 - AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course: 725 - AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course: $250 ## Avalanche Course Overhead Costs Like everything else, avalanche courses have been increasing in price steadily over the last few years. Why have avalanche course costs been going up? Well, there are a lot of moving parts, but basically, it’s becoming more expensive to operate an avalanche course. Baker Mountain Guides and the Northwest Avalanche School are an AIARE provider, so we’re going to look at what is costs to run an AIARE avalanche course. AIARE is a non-profit organization whose mission is to “Save Lives through Avalanche Education.” AIARE produces curriculum that providers can use to educate their students. AIARE providers pay a number of provider fees, for the right to use AIARE’s curriculum. The initial cost to purchase the AIARE Level 1, AIARE Level 2, and AIARE Avalanche Rescue Curriculum is $2500, followed by $250 each year afterwards. Additionally, providers are required to pay AIARE $40 for every level 1 and level 2 student taught, as well as $20 for every avalanche rescue student taught. Providers also have to provide each student with an AIARE branded field book, or “blue book,” which costs $17, or $14.50 if purchased in bulk. In addition to AIARE provider fees, most avalanche course providers pay overhead for land use permits and commercial liability insurance as well. These amounts are typically a percent of total revenue. For example, the National Forest Service charges 3% of total revenue, and generally, outfitters and guides expect to pay 7% – 10% of their total revenue for insurance. Baker Mountain Guides and the Northwest Avalanche School are charging $600.00 for an avalanche course this winter, which breaks down as follows for AIARE Level 1 courses operated in the National Forest – assuming we have minimized our costs: **Student Taught Fee:** $40.00 **Blue Book:** $14.50 **Permit Fees:** $17.25 **Insurance:** $40.25 So, in this example, it costs us $112/student to operate an avalanche course, not including payroll, and payroll is almost always the largest expense in any service-oriented business. ## Becoming an Avalanche Course Instructor Before talking about how much an avalanche course instructor gets paid, it’s worth reviewing what all is involved to [become an avalanche instructor](https://avtraining.org/instructor-training-program/), and how much it costs. Individuals need to have a deep breadth of backcountry experience and mountain sense before they can consider becoming avalanche course instructors. The costs associated with gaining this experience are intangible, but likely include many years of equipment and travel expenses. Along their journey of becoming backcountry skiers, riders, and mountaineers they likely paid for a level 1 avalanche course, and possibly an avalanche rescue course. At this point, they would be ready for professional level training. To become a ski or avalanche professional requires completion of the [Professional Level 1 avalanche course](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYJFDE8FCTU) and the Professional Level 2 avalanche course. The Pro 1 is basically a Level 2 on steroids for aspiring professionals. The minimum cost for the AIARE Pro 1 is $1800, and the minimum cost for the AIARE Pro 2 is $2475. Additionally, AIARE instructors are required to complete the AIARE Instructor Training Course (ITC), and AIARE course leaders are required to complete the AIARE Course Leader training (CLT). The minimum cost of the AIARE ITC is $1750, and the minimum coast of the AIARE CLT is also $1750. Finally, anyone teaching or leading an AIARE avalanche course is required to participate in annual AIARE continuing education (CE). These CE programs run $100 – $200 per year. So, let’s make sense of all of that. Instructing an AIARE course requires completion of the Pro 1 and the ITC. Leading an AIARE course requires the additional completion of the Pro 2 and the CLT. Assuming the most affordable prices this winter, these instructional certifications would cost the following: **AIARE Instructor:** $3550 **AIARE Course Leader:** $7775 That’s a lot of money, especially considering that most instructors and course leaders are paying for these trainings out of their own pockets. These costs also do not consider all of the associated travel and lodging expenses. Additionally, there are other requirements that must be met to be an AIARE instructor or course leader that have intangible costs. In short, becoming an avalanche course instructor requires a substantial commitment of time and resources, which is why we choose to pay them well. ## Avalanche Course Payroll Costs Avalanche course wages are the primary driver of avalanche course costs. Obviously, wages are going to be different depending on where an instructor works. Baker Mountain Guides and the Northwest Avalanche School can’t speak for other organizations, but we can be transparent about our pay structure. In the outdoor industry, we often structure compensation in the form of day wages. There is a shift underway towards hourly compensation, for various reasons, but day wages are still the norm. At Baker Mountain Guides and the Northwest Avalanche School, our AIARE instructors and course leaders start out at the following base, day wages: **AIARE Instructor:** $350/Day **AIARE Course Leader:** $425/Day For every 5 courses an instructor or course leader commits to for the winter season, they get an extra $25/day, up to 10 courses, so an instructor could make up to $400/day, and a course leader could make up to $475/day. For perspective, when I began teaching avalanche courses in 2009, I was making $75/day as an instructor. Times have changed. Most level 1 and level 2 avalanche courses in the United States are 3 days, or 24 hours in length. At Baker Mountain Guides and the Northwest Avalanche School, we split the first 8 hours into 2 online zoom sessions, which we staff with a course leader and one instructor. AIARE mandates 6:1 ratios in the field, which means that we add in 2 additional instructors for the two field days on our 24-student courses. So, one avalanche course costs us 3 days of course leader wages and 7 days of instructor wages. When you do all of the hard math things and add in payroll tax, You’ll find that an average of $181.25 of the $600 that you spent on your avalanche course is going to the pro who is out in the backcountry with you. ## The Bottom Line So, *on average*, every student that we teach at Baker Mountain Guides and the Northwest Avalanche School costs us $112 in program overhead and $181.25 in payroll. That means that our net profit is $306.75 per student this winter. Keep in mind that this number does not include business overhead such as curriculum costs, office space, administrative staff, guiding equipment, or taxes. These are the primary variables that drive differences in avalanche course costs from one provider to another. But generally, everyone has a similar business model, which is why most advertised avalanche course costs fall within a range. Beyond that, competition normally drives everyone toward the same number, and this winter, the median avalanche course cost is about $600. If you have a calculator and some spare time, you can probably pull the curtain back a little further. For profit businesses go into business for a profit, and that’s true for Baker Mountain Guides and the Northwest Avalanche School as well. This is what we do for a living, and like everyone else, we have to pay our bills, fuel our car, feed our family, enjoy ourselves some, and save a little for the future. All that being said, at Baker Mountain Guides and the Northwest Avalanche School we are good at what we do, and we are proud to make a living doing it. We hope you agree. **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Uncategorized --- ### [Ski Crampons for Backcountry Skiing](https://bakermountainguides.com/ski-crampons-for-backcountry-skiing/) **Published:** April 20, 2021 **Author:** Phil Straub **Content:** ## Ski Crampons for Backcountry Skiing and Riding With warm temps and long days becoming status quo in the North Cascades, I’m transitioning my ski kit over to spring mode. Once the melt freeze cycle takes hold, one thing I’ve always got on me is a set of ski crampons for backcountry skiing or riding. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Ski-Crampons-for-Backcountry-Skiing-Overview.gif) These nifty, little tools can transform an icy skin track or frozen slope from a slippery nightmare into a pleasant stroll. Ski crampons add security to your skis or splitboard while skinning by penetrating the top few centimeters of the snow under the toe of your boot to help prevent slipping backwards or having your edges skate out while side hilling. Here are 5 tips for getting the most out of your ski crampons: ### 1. Get The Right Pair Ski crampons are specific in type to your binding, and in size to your ski or board. First, check with your binding manufacturer about what crampons to get. Many companies have their own system for their bindings. Size wise, they should be the smallest size possible while still being bigger than your ski waist. They usually are sold in 10mm increments, so, for example, if your skis are 96mm underfoot you should get a pair of 100mm crampons. For splitboarders, [Spark R&D](https://www.sparkrandd.com/gear/ibex/) and [Karakoram](https://www.splitboardbindings.com/) make splitboard specific crampons. These work the same as ski specific crampons, but are wider to accommodate board width/asymmetry. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Ski-Crampons-1-3.jpg) ### 2. Have Them Handy If I think that I might use my crampons, I keep them somewhere I can reach without taking off my pack. I recommend either clipped to a carabiner on your waist belt or clipped to your pack in a reachable spot. Then, if you need to put them on somewhere awkward, you don’t have to worry about your pack sliding away on the icy snow surface. Putting these bad boys on usually takes two hands, unless you have G3’s bindings and [Ion Ski Crampons](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJqfMYUsxF4)… then you don’t even need to take off your skis. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ski-Crampons-for-Backcountry-Skiing-Carry.gif) ### 3. Put Them On (Right) Before You Need Them Anytime I’m skinning on ice snow I put on my crampons before the slope gets steep. This prevents having to take my skis off anywhere exposed. That said, don’t have them on all the time because they inhibit your ability to glide on lower angle terrain. ### 4. Leash Your Skis There are many reasons to put leashes on your skis in the spring. Ski brakes don’t do so well on icy snow, many lightweight ski mountaineering bindings don’t even have brakes, and losing a ski is a bummer at best and could be dangerous for yourself or others below. Since you need to take your skis off to put most crampons on, leash ‘em up! ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Ski-Crampons-for-Backcountry-Skiing-Attachment.gif) ### 5. Get The Best Grip There are two important tricks to get the most purchase out of your ski crampons. The first is to not use any heel risers. This allows your boot to push the crampons as far into the snow surface as possible. It also encourages taking an efficient low angle route. The second trick is to try to keep your skis flat on the snow surface, with your downhill edges dropped toward the snow. This allows both sides of the crampons to dig in, not just the uphill points. This may feel awkward at first but you’ll get used to the motions and will love the added security. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ski-Crampons-for-Backcountry-Skiing-Technique.gif) Spring is a great time to do big days and cover some serious ground on firm morning snow on your way to harvest sweet corn. Ski crampons will add efficiency to your ascent and help you save all possible energy for ripping back down to the car. Practice putting them on at home first so your system is dialed before you get out, and enjoy the satisfying crunch of your ski crampons punching through the snow on the way to the top! Want to learn more? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). **Categories:** Tech Tips **Tags:** Backcountry Skiing, Baker Mountain Guides, ski crampons --- ### [Reverence, Respect, Reciprocity](https://bakermountainguides.com/reverence-respect-reciprocity/) **Published:** April 20, 2021 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** ## Reverence, Respect, Reciprocity: A Sustainable Future for Recreation > Recreate \[ rek-ree-eyt \]: verb: to give new life or freshness to, refresh. To restore physically or mentally. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Reverence-Respect-Reciprocity-Solitude.gif) On a trip across the North Cascades Highway this past autumn I witnessed something that I’d never seen before in my lifetime: **700 cars parked at Rainy Pass**. The perfect fall day drew larch lovers from near and far to the Rainy/Maple Pass Loop. This trailhead holds maybe 80 cars at best, so where were the rest? Lining the highway. The speed limit on this highway is 50 MPH and with car doors being flung open on either side of the road, the situation felt perilous at best. I burst into tears at the spectacle, sobbing something along the lines of **there isn’t enough room for all these people in the forest**. Through my sobbing I imagined people lined head to tail in a line like cows waiting to be milked, or worse. Aside from whether anyone was wearing a mask or not, the image was dire. We’ve been telling people for a decade now to **GET OUTSIDE**. Put down yours screens and **GO OUTSIDE**. So finally, all at once it felt like people had heard the call. Ironically, my heart wasn’t filled with gratitude for the multitude of potential supporters of public lands. Instead I felt grief. I grieve for the loss of solitude that I seek in the wilds. I grieve for the animals that used to call these wilds their home. I grieve for the secret places that are no longer secret as internet trip reports and social media posts have become ubiquitous. Once hard-to-find sacred places cherished by Indigenous Peoples are now on Instagram. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Reverence-Respect-Reciprocity-Forbidden.gif) And yet in my sorrow I conceded that, yes, we need people supporting public lands. The recent video produced by Patagonia, [Public Trust: The Fight for America’s Public Lands](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGjnIG7puzY) offers an evocative example of what happens to our public lands when no one is watching, when no one cares. They disappear. **Wild lands need wild voices**. We two-leggeds must be their voices. My daughter, displaying her astute three-year old intelligence, responded to me that day in the car: “Yes there is enough room, momma” (as she’s hucking stuffies at me from the back seat to try and cheer me up). “Look,” she says, “there are lots of trees.” I couldn’t deny her claim. “Yes,” I said. “There is a lot of forest out there, I’m just not sure we should all be in the forest at the same time. Where would the bear nap?” **There are a lot of humans on this planet right now**. David Attenborough’s A Life On Our Planet highlights precisely and terrifyingly what we humans are capable of when it comes to ignoring the vulnerability of our home. And I’m worried that we’ve asked humans to go outside without sharing with them the responsibility inherent in doing so and the tools with which to do it. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Reverence-Respect-Reciprocity-Sisters.gif) Recreation comes with an enormous responsibility—to your own body, the bodies around you (human and more than human), and the landscapes you recreate on. Historically, the ‘Leave No Trace’ ethos has been the gold standard for how to interact with the land. **‘Leave No Trace’ is great, but it’s only a baseline and should be implied.** ‘Leave No Trace’ falls short in a number of ways. ## The Three R’s Reverence, respect, and reciprocity. To me, these are the gold standards for responsible and sustainable recreation. ### Reverence We are all stunned by beautiful places and moments. Yosemite, Yellowstone, Mt. Rainier, the alpenglow at sunset, the contrast of the yellow larches against fall’s first snow, the bugle of the elk. Each of these stirs us in profound ways—perhaps even to reverence. I’d urge us to go a step further and really tune in and ask what is it about these places and moments that makes your heart sing—or cry out? What is it about these places and moments that connects you with your soul and the soul of the Earth? Perhaps in those places and moments we might, for a fleeting moment, feel that our own souls are not so different after all. The reverence we feel witnessing our child’s first breath of air might be the same reverence we feel when the sun’s first rays hit our cold winter-kissed face. That’s the kind of reverence we need to really come into relationship with the where, why, and how we’re recreating. ### Respect Once you really truly feel the depth and magnitude of the place you’re recreating, respecting how you’re doing it comes much more easily. **Would you want someone playing a loud boombox at your child’s birth? Likely not.** Would you want someone walking carelessly across your well-tended garden? Likely not. Respect isn’t just about packing out your poop and garbage. Respect is about considering the people you’re recreating with or near, all the flora and fauna, and the entire landscape as a whole. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Reverence-Respect-Reciprocity-Respect-1.gif) These lands are sacred. This likely feels like a huge responsibility. You might ask yourself, how can I do all of that? I just want to go for a run, a bike ride, a climb, a ski —whatever—and forget all the cursedness of my “other” life—as if your other life is separate from the space that you’re recreating in. **The responsibility of recreation is that it isn’t just about our needs, it’s about the needs of the entire system you’re inhabiting.** To recreate is to renew yourself. It is important that this renewal does not come at the expense of the ecosystem on which this renewal (and for that matter, life itself) depends. Your attitude—what you bring to the land—matters. How are you showing up? Are you gossiping about your neighbor? Complaining about your job? Or are you offering yourself as completely as possible to the place and the moment? ### Reciprocity Now that we’re utterly awestruck by the places we’re recreating in and can be present in those places with deep respect for ourselves, the humans and more than humans around us, and the entire landscape, we’re ready to ask the most important question of all. **What can I give back?** What does this place need from me? What do I have to offer this place in this moment? We all have something to give back. We all have something we can offer. It might be a simple gesture, a silent (or not silent) prayer or blessing, a song —or even just a simple thank you. But I challenge each of you to not be silent. ### Resonance The 3 R’s of recreation seemed reasonable enough, but a friend of mine reminded me of a fourth: Resonance. **Resonance is the capacity of the moment to reverberate in your life long after the moment has passed**. Resonance is the shift in our consciousness that moves us down the road toward self-awareness. Resonance literally changes our lives. It draws us in and helps us understand the much, much bigger picture (of which we are a part) that transcends our parochial egos. Resonance is what keeps up going back to certain places. It’s why I make a pilgrimage to the desert southwest every fall. That land speaks to me in a way that no other land does. It makes me come alive. It fills me with a creative fire that burns all winter. Resonance is what motivates us two-leggeds to be the wild voices for the ones without voices. So find the places that resonate with you and protect them. Honor them. Grieve their loss. Grieve your loss. Leave them gifts of your heart. And keep going back. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Reverence-Respect-Reciprocity-Joy.gif) **The ability to recreate is a gift**. The opportunity to recreate on wild lands is nothing short of a miracle. We must make the time to toss our hair into the wind and let go of our day-to-day worries to just play. But, friends, **play gently and thoughtfully**. Give more than you take. Be aware that the balance is delicate and our footfalls can be heavy. If you have extra time or money, donate it to an organization that protects the places you love. **At a minimum, donate your reverence, respect, and reciprocity** so that seven generations from now, these special places might still be the wild places that make your descendant’s hearts sing out in awe and wonder. --- To join the conversation, **[SUBSCRIBE TO MOUNTAIN MUSINGS](https://mailchi.mp/bbc1e4cd7f8e/subscribe-to-mountain-musings)**, and read more thoughts from Jenni about how we can [Reimagine Recreation](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/reimagining-recreation/) together. **Categories:** Climbing Ethics, Land Management, Mountain Culture, Stewardship **Tags:** Baker Mountain Guides, ethics, Recreation, Stewardship --- ### [The Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/) **Published:** October 10, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ## The Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding After each one of our courses at [Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/), we do our best to provide useful resources to our students so they can continue their education and not completely forget all the things they learned from us. There’s a lot of great information out there, but we haven’t found an all-inclusive guide that we can just give to you all. So we made it ourselves, and here it is… **The Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding**. Of course, there’s nothing more valuable than hands-on experience. That said, we hope this guide will serve as: **1) A roadmap for those of you just starting your journey into the realm of backcountry touring.** **2)** **A resource for more experienced folks who want to brush up on the latest and greatest.** **3)** **The place where every backcountry skier and snowboarder, regardless of experience level, can go to review the important stuff before and during each winter season.** This is a living document that will continually update as things progress in the industry. Just as we recommend that you re-read [Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain](https://www.mountaineers.org/books/books/staying-alive-in-avalanche-terrain-3rd-edition) before each season, we hope this becomes a part of your ritual. --- ## How to use this resource This post is broken down into six sections: **1.** **[Types of Backcountry Skiing (What is possible?)](#TypesAnchor)** **2.** **[Backcountry Skiing Gear (What do I need?)](#GearAnchor)** **3.** **[Backcountry Skiing Skills/Techniques (How do I do it?)](#SkillsAnchor)** **4.** **[Backcountry Skiing Planning Resources (When and Where do I go?)](#ResourcesAnchor)** **5. [Mountain Ethics (How do I recreate responsibly?)](#EthicsAnchor)** **6.** **[Continuing Education (How do I get better?)](#EducationAnchor)** In each of the sections, you’ll find a summary that contains the most important “need to know” components of whatever is being discussed. We’ve also been told that we’re funny, so hopefully, you find the information not just useful, but engaging. If you really want to take a tumble down the rabbit hole of needing to know everything on any topic, we’ve provided links to blogs, videos, and pages that you can spend whole days learning from if you so desire. As a guide service run by past outdoor educators, we’re big believers in choosing your own adventure, so **how you navigate this resource is up to you and your learning preferences.** You want the broad summary because you’re new to this game and just want a better understanding of what the big picture looks like? You’ll probably just stay on this main post and not click many links. You’ve been playing this game for years but want to stay up with best practices? You’re probably not even reading this anymore and you’re already on to whatever specific thing you came here to look up. Love it. Oh, and one last thing. If you don’t see something in this resource that you want to know more about, [let us know.](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/contact/) We’ll be psyched to answer your questions. Happy learning and shred safe our friends! XOXO, [The Staff](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/about/) of Baker Mountain Guides [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ## Types of Backcountry Skiing and Riding (What is possible?) > “You’re off to Great Places! > Today is your day! > Your mountain is waiting, > So… get on your way!” ~ Dr. Seuss ![Ski Mountaineering Pro Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ski-Mountaineering-Pro-Course-Gallery-6-1.jpg) ### The Places You’ll Go Generally, there are four different ways to enjoy the backcountry on your skis or snowboard. The fastest-growing sector is **backcountry ski/split touring**, but there is also **ski/split mountaineering** in glaciated and unglaciated terrain, **ski/split traverses**, and **mechanized skiing/riding** with snowmobiles, snowcats, or helicopters. In this section, we’ll explain what each of these types of backcountry skiing and riding entails, so you can decide what gear and training are most important for you to invest in to fit your goals. **[Backcountry Ski Touring](#TouringAnchor) | [Ski/Split Mountaineering](#MountaineeringAnchor) | [Ski/Split Traverses](#TraversesAnchor) | [Mechanized Skiing/Riding](#MechanizedAnchor)** --- ### Backcountry Ski Touring ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-riding-Backcountry-Touring.jpg) Backcountry ski or splitboard touring is 100% powered by you and your leg muscles (or lack thereof). Touring is typically done off-piste and outside of ski resorts in uncontrolled terrain, but many ski resorts are starting to allow “uphill access” or touring to occur in bounds at certain times and on marked uphill routes. You can think of touring like the lovechild of Nordic and alpine skiing — it combines elements of both and embraces such sub-disciplines as telemark and randonnée. A defining characteristic is that your heels are free (i.e. not bound to the boards) in order to allow for the boards to slide while traversing and climbing terrain. Then, for downhill, you can lock your heels down as a skier, or put your board back together as a snowboarder. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Backcountry-Skiing-Skinning-Techniques-Transitions.jpg) The popularity of backcountry ski and splitboard touring has exploded the last decade. Riders seeking new snow and fewer crowds, alpinists tired of approaching in snowshoes, and folks wishing to avoid paying for lifts at resorts all add to the popularity. There are barriers to entry into the sport, however. **As you’ve probably noted, the initial price tag for entry is pretty spendy.** Even if you’re buying most things used, you’ll probably spend between $1,000 and $2,500 for all the [essential gear](#GearAnchor). Touring, similar to hiking and backpacking, also requires independent navigation skills and usually involves route-finding through potential avalanche terrain. [Back to Types](#TypesAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Ski Mountaineering ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-riding-Ski-Mountaineering.jpg) If backcountry touring is the lovechild of nordic and alpine skiing, then ski and splitboard mountaineering is the lovechild of backcountry touring and climbing. By adding mountaineering to the equation, the skill set required for success expands to include more technical expertise — especially if you plan to ski in glaciated terrain where knowledge of crevasse rescue is critical. However, ski and splitboard mountaineering may not necessarily involve the use of ropes. There’s no definitive point at which you cross over from backcountry touring to ski and splitboard mountaineering, but typically ski and splitboard mountaineering is objective-based (i.e. The gnar-gnar line on Mt. Sicky Sick), **AND** the objective requires a broader skill set as well as a deeper level of mountain sense. If you’re a backcountry skier or splitboarder wanting to break into the world of ski mountaineering, then you should probably start with the mountaineering side of things. You’re going to need to be as comfortable off of your skis or board as you are on them – in any kind of terrain. There are a few pieces of mountaineering equipment that you’re going to need, such as a rope, harness, ice-ax, crampons, and climbing helmet. But even more important is acquiring a climbing skill set. Learn how to tie knots. Go to the climbing gym to develop balance and movement skills. Get super fit. Practice crevasse rescue. Take a navigation course. Most importantly, find a mentor. At Baker Mountain Guides, we like to say that ski mountaineering is just good ol’ fashioned mountaineering with the added benefit of skis. You have to learn to love the up. [Back to Types](#TypesAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Ski Traverses ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-riding-Ski-Traverses.jpg) Traverses usually involve ski mountaineering if the traverse occurs in mountainous terrain. However, ski traverse are unique enough that they have earned the right to be their own category of backcountry skiing. Where for backcountry touring you usually start and end at the same place, traverses take you longer distances across ranges and take multiple days to complete. Traverses like the [Haute Route](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_Route) or Spearhead Traverse are incredibly popular for not just their beauty, but the ease of access with well-maintained hut systems. In the Cascades, without the luxury of maintained huts, traverses are much more rugged as you must establish and breakdown your camp scene each day. The North Cascades are a never-ending backcountry rider’s paradise and have quite a few classic ski traverses to choose from. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-riding-Ski-Traverses-2.jpg) Ski traverses could be a big, one-day endeavor, or a multi-month undertaking. Ski traverses are an excellent way to access terrain that would otherwise be too remote to ski or ride. They are also just a great way to see the world. One of the most ambitious ski traverses ever completed (for the sake of ski traversing) is the complete Coast Range Traverse from Squamish, BC to Skagway, AK. The Coast Range Traverse is 1429 miles and takes about 6 months. First done under the radar by a core group of friends back in the early 2000’s, The Coast Range Traverse was recently [repeated by a mother-daughter team in 2017](https://www.mec.ca/en/article/i-did-a-5-month-ski-traverse-with-my-mum). ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-riding-Ski-Traverses-3.jpg) As you can see, it’s hard to pigeon-hole something like the Coast Range Traverse into the category of “backcountry skiing” or even “ski mountaineering.” “Re-wilding of Homo Sapiens” might be a better definition. Long ski traverses have less to do with skiing and riding and more about reconnecting with mother nature’s colder parts of the world. The knowledge, intuition, experience, and tenacity to complete such an undertaking require a lifetime to develop. [Back to Types](#TypesAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Mechanized Skiing and Riding ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-riding-Mechanized-Skiing-Riding.jpg) Mechanized backcountry skiing and riding refers to any skiing/riding aided by machines on the uphill. Essentially the opposite of touring, but still considered to be backcountry because it occurs in uncontrolled avalanche terrain. One of the easiest to enjoy for the price is riding lifts/trams in order to access “sidecountry” like the Shuksan Arm at the Mt. Baker Ski Area. When sidecountry skiing, keep in mind that you are still in the backcountry and subject to backcountry hazards, regardless of how close you are to the ski area boundary. Even closed runs within the ski area should be considered backcountry terrain from an avalanche perspective. Many folks have got themselves killed right outside the rope line. As avalanche educators, we actually hate the word “sidecountry” because it implies that it’s “backcountry lite.” It’s not. We just haven’t come up with a better term. Beyond riding lifts, mechanized skiing/riding includes utilizing snowmobiles, snowcats, and helicopters to get you into terrain. Mechanized skiing and riding are most often provided by a guide service, considering the cost of purchasing and operating helicopters and snowcats. As such, you’re not going to have to do a lot of the thinking. However, more and more people are using snowmobiles to access the backcountry. Maintaining and riding snowmobiles (or “sleds”) are skillsets in and of themselves. The first time that you use a sled to go backcountry skiing or riding, it’s likely that you’ll spend more time futzing with the sled then you will actually skiing or riding. But like anything else, you’ll eventually get it, and then you can decide how you want to operate. Is the sled a tool for access, or do you actually want to run laps with it? Whatever you decide, just make sure you are recreating in accordance with public land regulations. Motorized equipment isn’t allowed everywhere. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Mechanized-1.jpg) At Baker Mountain Guides, we are big believers in earning your turns. Plus, none of us can afford to ride in helicopters all the time. As such, we have a [snowmobile assisted backcountry skiing program](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/adventures/twin-sisters-backcountry-skiing/) where we only use snowmobiles on forest service roads to get to trailheads that would otherwise be inaccessible (or at least a really long walk). Once at trailheads, we ditch the sleds and switch into tour mode. [Back to Types](#TypesAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ## Backcountry Skiing Gear (What do I need?) > “Anyone who uses the “it’s a poor workman that blames their tools” BS has obviously never tried to walk on ice with flip flops.” ~[Zack McGill](https://www.instagram.com/mcgillzack/?hl=en) ### The Essentials Getting the right gear often elicits a mix of emotions. As humans, we love new shiny things to play with, but we also dread the price tag that sometimes accompanies them. In this section, we’ll delve into the nitty-gritty of some essential and non-essential gear specific to backcountry skiing and riding, what it does, and why it is important to have. Below you’ll find a list of items that includes some commonly overlooked essential items, like a first aid kit and repair kit. If you rip a binding out, will you be able to get out of the backcountry on your own? If you have a good [repair kit](#RepairAnchor) and know how to use it, we sure think so. **[Beacon](#BeaconAnchor) | [Shovel](#ShovelAnchor) | [Probe](#ProbeAnchor) | [AT Skis](#ATSkisAnchor) | [AT Ski Bindings](#ATSkiBindingsAnchor) | [Splitboards](#SplitboardAnchor) | [Skins](#SkinsAnchor) | [Ski Crampons](#CramponsAnchor) | [AT Ski Boots](#BootsAnchor) | [Riding Specific Backpack](#BackpackAnchor) | [Airbag Backpack](#AirbagAnchor) | [Repair Kit](#RepairAnchor) | [First Aid Kit](#FAAnchor)** --- ### Avalanche Beacons ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Beacons.jpg) Avalanche beacons, or transceivers, are worn on the body and transmit a radio signal that that other avalanche beacons can hear. Avalanche beacons have two modes: “transmit” and “search,” also known as “send” and “receive.” For the sake of sanity, just pick one set of terms and stick with it. When touring, your avalanche beacon should be set to transmit. If someone in your group is caught and buried in an avalanche, your avalanche beacon can be switched to “search” and will guide you to the victim via distance readings and directional arrows. For the most part, we’re all for purchasing used gear. As much as you can reduce waste by reusing stuff that still works, the better. Your avalanche beacon, however, is not something to skimp on. The life span of an avalanche beacon is 10 years, but technology is evolving at a rapid rate. Avalanche beacons 5 years old are no match for the power of avalanche beacons today. Furthermore, you don’t know the history of a used avalanche beacon. All too often, folks show up on our avalanche courses with older avalanche beacons they bought used off craigslist from some sketchy character behind a Wal-Mart. **Don’t do this**. If you’re going to buy anything new, this should be it. Avalanche beacon manufacturers love to talk about all the fancy bells and whistles their product has. All avalanche beacons pretty much work the same in transmit mode, but huge differences arise in search mode. Some avalanche beacons can tell you how many people are buried and if they’re buried close together. You can even “flag” or ignore certain signals. Some beacons allow you to check the transmit frequency of other beacons. It’s all so much to consider. If you want to make sure you get good avalanche beacon, just buy a new, 3-antenna beacon. Everything else is negotiable. If you want to know how to test beacons to make sure they are working correctly/perform a function check, look at our blog on how to perform [Avalanche Beacon Function Check](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/?p=5932&preview=true) to learn all the things. [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Snow Shovel ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Snow-Shovels-2-1.jpg) This is one of the most important pieces of gear to have. If you actually need to perform a rescue of a buried victim and you left your snow shovel in the parking lot, good luck moving over a ton of snow set up like concrete with your hands. During a rescue, you’ll spend the majority of your time digging, so get a good one. #### Size and Shape Snow Shovel blades vary greatly in shape and size. Smaller blades are easier to handle but less efficient at chopping and moving large amounts of snow, while larger blades can move more snow but take more strength to operate/may tire you more quickly. If you’re a smaller person, you’ll probably want a smaller snow shovel blade. That is unless you do cross-fit and have big, sexy arms. You can keep shoveling pretty quick with a small snow shovel and that is often more efficient than consistently underfilling a large shovel when you’re tired. Usually, for the everyday human, it’s best to get a medium-sized shovel blade — Think Goldilocks. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Snow-Shovels-1-1.jpg) Some snow shovel blades are flat for helping you carve that perfectly smooth pit wall. Unless you’re digging pits all the time for educational purposes, or love to have perfectly sculpted kickers for that footy, we recommend against the flat blade. Instead, get a curved blade. It’s made to move lots of snow more efficiently and some models even have serrated blades that help cut through snow and ice. #### Material Unless you’re into ski mountaineering in your lycra onesie or setting the speed record on Denali, and want a super light plastic shovel because that FKT is way more important than your life, get a metal snow shovel that won’t break as you cut your way through avalanche debris. More specifically, get an aluminum one. Alumunium has the strongest strength to weight ratio. #### Shaft and Grip Types Most snow shovels nowadays have telescoping shafts that give you several different options for length. Longer shafts give you more leverage for digging. If you’re a tall human, longer shafts are a must. Without the added height, hello back pain. Short shafts are more maneuverable in tight spaces (Think person upfront in a rescue scenario). Shafts that are oblong or triangular in cross-section can offer increased rigidity and strength. Check out our blog on [Avalanche Rescue: Strategic Shoveling](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/strategic-shoveling-for-avalanche-rescue/) to learn more about how to use your shovel most efficiently. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Snow-Shovel-Handles-2.jpg) The three most common grip types are T- and L-shaped grips (that are often lighter and more compact) and larger D-shaped grips (that are more comfortable to hold and can be used with mittens. I would say go to a gear shop and touch all the handles until you find the one that fits your hands the best…but COVID. Some snow shovels offer the ability to configure the shovel as a hoe, or, as I like to say: “engage hoe mode”. It’s funny. Hoe mode is great for moving lots of lower density snow quickly and efficiently. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Snow-Shovels-3-1.jpg) #### Storage Store your snow shovel inside your backpack. Blade, shaft, and handle. I (Zack) personally have a collection of three shovel shafts/handles I’ve picked up in the backcountry that have fallen out of people’s backpacks while strapped to the outside. \*Side note, if you lost your shovel handle and you want it back, please let me know… they’re just taking up space in my gear room \* If you’re losing parts of your shovel just walking around, think about what an avalanche will do to you. Goodbye shovel. Just like how you should wear your beacon underneath a layer in the harness or in a pocket to keep it from separating from you, protect your other essential gear from getting separated from you as well. Snow Shovel won’t fit inside your backpack? Get a [riding specific backpack](#BackpackAnchor) and leave your small pack for summer hiking. [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Probe ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Avalanche-Probe-Length-2.jpg) Avalanche probes are your analog complement to your fancy avalanche beacon. They help you pinpoint the exact location of an avalanche victim and measure the burial depth. When time is of the essence in a rescue, knowing exactly where to dig and how much snow you’ll be moving is essential. #### Size No matter what you’ve heard, size matters. If you’ve taken an avalanche awareness course or other avalanche education, you’ll remember that an average avalanche burial is around 1.5 meters. As such, two meters should be a minimum length. Probes on the short end of the spectrum are lighter and pack more easily, so if you’re doing a ski-mo race in your spandex… for sure, get a small probe. If you’re actually wanting it for the purpose it was designed for, get one somewhere between 240 and 320cms. Longer probes are also easier on your back, (especially if you ever have to work a probe line) and tend to be made of heavier gauge and more durable material. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Avalanche-Probe.jpg) #### Material Probes are made with either aluminum or carbon. Both aluminum and carbon are quality, but each has strengths and weaknesses that should be understood. Carbon is a little lighter in weight but also tends to be more expensive and break more easily. Carbon probes will snap; aluminum will bend. Aluminum probes are just slightly heavier and tend to penetrate tough and dense snow more effectively, which is highly desirable in a rescue. Generally, the ski-mo crowd crushing vert and big distances favor carbon probes, while avalanche professionals, mountain guides, and patrollers tend to choose longer, heavier aluminum probes. Some folks have more than one probe for different conditions and objectives. Just make sure that you choose the appropriate size and material of probe for the activity you would need it for. I snapped a carbon probe day one of use in a shoveling drill on an avalanche rescue course. Wrong application of carbon. Should have had the beefy aluminum one. Oops. #### Storage Just like your shovel, your probe should be inside your backpack — NOT strapped to the outside where it can be removed from your backpack in an avalanche or just walking around. Preferably, it should be in your [riding specific backpack](#BackpackAnchor) where you can put it in its designated pocket and sleeve. That way you can leave the storage bag the probe came with at home where it won’t be lost in the backcountry to become trash. [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### AT Skis ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Skis.jpg) Skis aren’t tires. As such, “AT” stands for Alpine Touring, not all-terrain. To be totally honest, any downhill ski will work as an AT ski, as long as you mount ’em up with an AT ski binding. However, if you want to actually enjoy backcountry touring, you may want to take a few things into consideration when selecting a pair of AT skis. #### Weight This should seem obvious, but for some reason, it’s not. Just remember, you no longer have a ski lift to get you and all of your stuff to the top of the mountain. Weight should be a consideration for any piece of backcountry equipment, but skis are one place where you can really shave some pounds. Forget about metal top sheets and Maple cores. You want to look for skis that use materials like Aspen or Paulownia for the cores and carbon fiber in the laminates. Carbon fiber is much stiffer than fiberglass, so you can achieve similar flex properties with much less material. There are lots of ins and outs with ski construction, so just check the weight on whatever you’re interested in. The biggest fatty fats in the longest lengths should be under 9 lbs for a pair. Smaller skis should obviously be lighter. #### Size and Shape Skis have gone through a radical revolution in size and shape over the last 20 years. Way back in the day, super long and skinny was all the rage. Then, for a while there in the mid-aughts (is that what you call the early 2000’s?) [Icelantic Skis](https://www.icelanticskis.com/) showed us all that skis could be ridiculously short as long as you made them ridiculously wide as well. We now seem to have found a happy medium. Backcountry AT skis all tend to be 160 – 200 cm in length, and anywhere from 90 – 130 mm wide. The exact size, width, and shape will depend greatly on your skier profile (height, weight, ability, etc) as well as the type of snow that you most often ski. In general, wider skis are better for powder, but also for riding over chop, breakable crust, wet mank, or other not-so-ideal snow conditions that you may find out of bounds. Narrower skis are going to perform better on spring corn, or anytime you need more agility out of your boards. They’ll also save your knees over the long run. Rolling a fat board up on edge is hard on the joints. Long skis are nice for going fast in big terrain, but they’re more challenging to tour with, specifically when kick turning. Any kind of camber is fair game in the BC. Reverse cambered skis are going to slay pow, but probably be a little squirrely on the skin track. High cambered skis are going to be lost in deep snow, but responsive on corn. We’ve found that a flat(ish) cambered ski with early rise seems to be the ticket. Early rise is when the tips begin to bend back upwards further back on the ski. You want it. Get it. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Skis-Tips.jpg) Also, stay away from full twin tips. They may be fun to ride, but that’s about all they do well. In the backcountry, you’re going to ask your boards to do many things besides just slide downhill. Flat(ish) tails are going to hold a skin clip much better. Additionally, most good backcountry AT skis have a notch or a plate in the tails for the tail clip on your skin. Oh so nice. Flat tails are also going to plunge more easily, which has benefits for kick turning as well as using your skis as snow anchors. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Skis-Tails.jpg) #### In Summary There’s not nearly enough space in this post to get into which exact skis you should buy and why. There are a lot of companies specializing in backcountry AT skis these days, so just make sure you on one of their websites. At Baker Mountain Guides, we all seem to be loving [G3 Skis](https://us-store.genuineguidegear.com/collections/skis?gclid=CjwKCAjwiOv7BRBREiwAXHbv3Mp7thThGww6sTvRPZwHtFVxe4ieOeP6ah8v9H1kuYHnRsWMRmaAaxoCxeQQAvD_BwE) lately. [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### AT Ski Bindings ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Ski-Bindings.jpg) Once upon a time, the backcountry was the domain of telemark skiers. With the advent of modern AT ski bindings, we can all enjoy the backcountry without having to drop a knee. Essentially, AT ski bindings allow you to alpine ski downhill. On the uphill, AT ski bindings allow the heel to release and the toe to pivot. It’s beautiful. #### Tech Vs Frame Bindings But as always, there’s more to the story. AT ski bindings have evolved considerably over the years, and from the evolution arose two divergent species: Frame bindings and tech bindings. The concept behind frame bindings is simple – mount an alpine binding to a frame that pivots at the toe for the ascent and can be locked to the ski for the descent. How all of this works can be rather complicated, but the point is that you get all the downhill benefits of a fully-featured alpine ski binding. Unfortunately, frame bindings suffer on the uphill. Not only are they heavy, but they’re also inefficient. With each step, the skier is forced to lift the full weight of the entire frame and binding. They are also known for the dreaded frakenstride. Because the pivot point on most frame bindings is so far forward, the user is forced into an unnatural, lumbering gait. Therefore, frame bindings are mostly for the downhill oriented backcountry skier. On the other hand, tech bindings were designed with the uphill in mind. Tech bindings achieve pivot by snapping two pins into the sides of your boot toe. The boot locks down to the ski via two more pins that can be snapped into the heel. This obviously requires you to have a tech binding compatible boot. Both the toe and heel mechanisms are springloaded to create DIN-like characteristics. Tech bindings are great for going uphill because 1) they are light and 2) you’re not lifting a frame with each step, only the weight of your boot. Unfortunately, tech bindings cannot offer highly responsive power transfer when skiing aggressively in challenging conditions, and they do not offer true DIN reliability, at least based on how DIN is tested. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Ski-Binding-Tech.jpg) ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Ski-Binding-Toe-Piece.jpg) ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Ski-Binding-Boot-Toe-2.jpg) ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Ski-Binding-Boot-Heel-2.jpg) To compensate for the shortcomings in both styles of AT ski bindings, gear manufacturers have created hybrid tech bindings that use an alpine heel piece. On the uphill, a ski/walk mechanism slides the heel piece back, away from the boot. The Salomon Switch binding goes one step further with a toepiece that does a crazy transformer move between tech and alpine. In our opinion, as guides, most of these hybrid bindings need further refinement to make them more reliable or easy to use. If you plan on earning the majority of your turns and you’re not Hulk Hogan, a classic tech binding should be more than adequate for your needs. However, if you mostly skiing lift-accessed backcountry and you want the option to tour on occasion, or if you’re Bode Miller and you don’t ski any slower than 50 mph, you may want to go with a frame binding. #### Heel Risers All backcountry touring bindings, including splitboard bindings, come with heel risers. Heel risers improve efficiency by decreasing calf fatigue. When ascending an incline, your skins grip the best when even pressure is applied to the entire length of the ski. This requires that you weight your heel, and weighting your heel is much easier and more comfortable with heel risers. Most tech bindings build the heel risers into the heel piece in such a way that they can be actuated with your pole. Frame bindings often use metal wires that flip up from the frame under your foot. Either system accomplishes the same goal. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Ski-Binding-Boot-Heel-2-Riser.jpg) [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### SplitBoards ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Splitboard-Snowboard-Mode.jpg) Splitboards are literally just that: Snowboards that split in half to create skis. Splitboard bindings are basically just fancy snowboard bindings that quickly remount for skinning or riding. In ski mode, splitboard bindings face forward on each ski and pivot at the toe. In snowboard mode, the bindings slide onto plates across both pieces of the board, creating rigidity. Strange? Absolutely. Clever? For sure. Splitboards are the frankentool of backcountry touring, and like most inventions, they were born from necessity. Despite the brief popularity of [cross-country snowboarding](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4w7sVSMbjyM), skis continue to be the better tool for getting around the mountains. #### Size and shape All the things about size and shape that are true for AT skis are also true for splitboards. The difference is that all splitboards are designed for backcountry use, as opposed to skis, which makes your consumer experience more straightforward. The exact size, shape, and style of splitboard are going to depend on your rider profile as well as the kind of splitboarding that you are doing and the snow conditions that you most commonly ride. Flat(ish) camber with early rise is a good starting point, but we would encourage you to demo different styles (like swallowtails) to see what floats your boat. In general, however, you do want to size up at least 5 cm from whatever you’ve been riding in bounds. Because powder. #### Manufactured or Homemade? If you’re working on a shoestring budget, you can borrow your uncle’s table saw and make a splitboard out of an old snowboard. This is how splitboards were born. Voile still sells their [classic split kit](https://www.voile.com/voile-split-kit-diy.html) that you can use to Bob Vila your way into the backcountry. Just remember to seal up those new sidewalls with some kind of epoxy. However, homemade boards suffer from a number of issues. First, they’re going to be really heavy. The Voile split kit includes metal splitboard plates that you simply mount your old snowboard bindings to. This is a lot of extra material to be lugging up the hill. Second, you’re not going to have a metal outside edge when you’re touring, which makes side-hilling super fun. When skinning, the cut edges need to face outward so that the connection hardware doesn’t get hung up on itself. Finally, snowboards aren’t designed to be cut in half, and the torsional rigidity of the resulting skis is going to suffer greatly. Manufactured splitboards solve all of these problems by starting with the premise that you’re building two skis that fit together to make a snowboard. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Splitboard-Split-Mode.jpg) #### Boot and Binding Systems Splitboard bindings are about as creative as splitboards themselves. The two most common attachment systems are built around either soft boots or hard boots. Soft boot splitboard bindings look a lot like normal snowboard bindings with the same selection of bells and whistles. The difference is in the base plate. Soft boot bindings have rails along the bottom of the baseplate that allow them to slide onto mounting plates when in snowboard mode. In skinning mode, the bindings remount onto the skis via some kind of pin system at the toe. Every manufacturer has a different take on their pin systems, but the good news is that everyone has moved away from the classic [trailer hitch pin](https://www.napaonline.com/en/p/BK_7511113) attachment. Seriously. That’s what they used to use. The two most common soft boot splitboard bindings are [Spark R&D](https://www.sparkrandd.com/) and [Karakoram](https://www.splitboardbindings.com/). Hard boot systems obviously require the purchase and use of some kind of hard boot, but they help to solve the biggest drawback of splitboarding: sidehill slop. Because soft boots are soft, and because they flex in soft boot bindings, holding an edge while skinning across a firm sidehill can be really difficult. As it turns out, there’s a lot of firm side-hilling in the backcountry, especially when you get into splitboard mountaineering. Hard boot systems solve this problem by pairing hard boots with AT tech binding style toepieces, mounted to both skis. Lightweight plates are still used to secure the boot to the board and to create structural rigidity in snowboard mode, but they go in the backpack on the uphill. The added benefit of hard boot systems is that they are lighter as well. If a hard boot system is your cup of tea, check out [Phantom Hardware](https://www.phantomsnow.com/). [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Skins ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Skins-1.jpg) Climbing skins allow you to tour uphill with skis on your feet. They’re basically a strip of fabric with “plush” on one side and glue on the other. The plush can be a variety of materials, but it’s always smooth tip to tail, and grippy tail to tip. Skins literally used to be made out of seal skins, which is how they got their name. No longer do we need to club a baby seal to go skiing, though. Now we just make skins out of oil…and goats. Which is better…I guess? #### Size For the purposes of backcountry skiing and riding, skins should cover as much of the base of your boards as possible, while leaving the metal edges exposed. This means that you’re going to have to either purchase skins that are designed to fit your boards perfectly, or trim them to the correct size. Skins that need trimmed always come with skin trimmers, and all manufactures have a [“how to trim your skins” tutorial](https://www.google.com/search?q=G%23+how+to+trim+your+skins&rlz=1C1CHBD_enUS831US831&oq=G%23+how+to+trim+your+skins&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i58.3228j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#kpvalbx=_Hbp8X6KDPJqS0PEPr8eywAQ24). If you have a splitboard, congratulations, buying skins is easy. Just choose the correct length for your board and trim them to width. For you skiers, sizing can get weird. Some manufacturers like Dynafit, K2, and La Sportiva make skins that fit their skis perfectly, so you just need to select the model and length that you need – no trimming required. Additionally, G3 and Pomoca skins come in several generic lengths and widths, which need to be trimmed to your specific ski width. Black Diamond skins just have options for width and come in longer sections that need to be trimmed to both length and width, with the added fun of mounting the tip loop to the skin. Black Diamond also sells “Custom” skins that arrive in pre-cut lengths. When selecting the skin’s width, check your ski’s dimensions so you can choose a skin that is wider than the widest part of your boards. Hot Tip: This is usually near the tip. #### Material Skins come in three different material types: Nylon, mohair, or a mix of the two. Mohair is goat hair, which is more slippery, resulting in less resistance with each step. It’s also a lot lighter and less bulky than nylon. However, the sacrifice you make with Mohair is that it does not climb as well as nylon and is less durable. Nylon skins do just the opposite — climb really well and are more durable, but have less glide and are heavier. The mix skins come at different ratios of nylon to mohair: the more mohair, the more glide. If you’re just starting out, we’d recommend getting nylon skins. For splitboarders, definitely go with the nylon, you don’t get much glide anyway and you’ll appreciate the extra grip on the uphill. #### Attachment Type In general, climbing skins attach your boards with either hooks or a loop at the tip, and an adjustable strap with a clip at the tail. This method works well with most skis and boards out there, but especially on dedicated touring skis or boards that have flat or notched tails. For skiers with twin-tips, G3’s Twin-Tip Connectors are great. Without them, your skins will continually slide off your tails. All skins use glue to make them stick to the base of your boards. Some skin manufacturers are experimenting with different technologies to get away from glue, but none we know of have had much success. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Skin-Tips-1.jpg) ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Skin-Tails-1.jpg) #### Storage To store your skins in the field on the downhill, just fold each one in half, glue-to-glue, then fold em’ or roll em’ to fit in your pack. Some people choose to put the skins in front jacket or bib pockets to keep them warm on cold days. This keeps the glue nice and tacky. If you live in CO, this is a pretty common practice. In WA, it’s almost never needed. G3 makes the “love glove” for storage of skins and most manufacturers provide “skin savers,” (plastic sheets that you apply to the glue-side of the skin prior to folding) but we recommend not carrying these items in the field. Just fold your skins glue-to-glue. Do it. You’ll be fine. After you get home, the skins need to be dried as quickly as possible. Leaving them folded and wet can make your glue less effective. Just hang them on a coat rack or over a door. When they’re dry, you can fold em’ or roll em’ for storage. For prolonged periods of time and the off-season, throw on those skin savers and leave them in a cool, dry place, like a freezer. Curious about how to use skins? Check out our [Backcountry Skiing Skinning Techniques](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-skinning-techniques/) blog. [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Ski Crampons ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Ski-Crampons-2.jpg) Ski crampons are one of those items that you don’t need most of the time while out skiing or riding in the backcountry, but are a HUGE bummer to not have when you do need them. Like a boot crampon, a ski crampon gives you more purchase in hard or icy conditions. Usually, they attach to your binding and insert directly under your boot. The binding attachment point is hinged so the crampon releases from the snow as you lift your foot, and then bite into the snow when you step down. In firm conditions, especially while side-hilling, ski crampons are essential. This is especially true for splitboarders. The lack of torsional rigidity and the shorter effective edge on a splitboard creates huge problems while side-hilling. #### Size Ski crampons historically have come in 10mm increments (i.e 90mm, 100mm, 110mm). Always choose the crampon size at your ski width or just above. If you get a crampon that is smaller than the width of the ski, it won’t fit. One that’s too big will be loose and more likely to break. Consequently, if you have a ski that is 95mm underfoot, you’d typically be forced to go up to a 100mm ski crampon. This works but is less than ideal. Luckily, more and more companies, like [G3 (Genuine Guide Gear)](https://www.genuineguidegear.com/?_ga=2.157743546.1416253669.1593451829-535754471.1593451829&_gac=1.162251144.1593451829.EAIaIQobChMI97iQzsan6gIVZCCtBh1yJA5BEAAYASAAEgKqcPD_BwE) are breaking from the mold of 10mm increments and have created crampons that align perfectly with the widths in their ski line. #### Compatability Not all bindings are compatible with every ski crampon, so make sure you know what types of crampons fit your binding before making your purchase. G3 has their own [special attachment system](https://us-store.genuineguidegear.com/products/g3-ion-ski-crampons?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI97iQzsan6gIVZCCtBh1yJA5BEAAYASAAEgKqcPD_BwE) that only works with their equipment. It’s fabulous. Check it out. Dynafit, the pioneer in this realm also has their own attachment system, though other manufacturers have created crampons that work with their Dynafit bindings. There are a multitude of other crampons available as well. 22 Designs (telemark), Plum, Voile, B&D, Fritschi, ATK, Salomon, and Atomic all make ski crampons. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Ski-Crampons-1-3.jpg) For splitboarders, [Spark R&D](https://www.sparkrandd.com/gear/ibex/) and [Karakoram](https://www.splitboardbindings.com/) make splitboard specific crampons. These work the same as ski specific crampons, but are wider to accommodate board width/asymmetry. For more information on ski crampons, check out Phil’s 5 tips for [Ski Crampons for Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/ski-crampons-for-backcountry-skiing/). For a full tutorial on skinning techniques that include ski crampon use, check out our blog on [Backcountry Skiing Skinning Techniques](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-skinning-techniques/). [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### AT Ski Boots ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Ski-Boots.jpg) What exactly is an AT ski boot? Why do you want one? Can’t you just use your alpine boot? All good questions. Technically, you could get away with an alpine boot if you’re using a frame binding, but the bigger question is “Why?” Why would you do that to yourself? Alpine boots are designed to go downhill, not up. AT ski boots are designed to do both. There’s a lot of crossover, but the main difference between alpine and AT ski boots is the ski/walk mechanism – among a few other important details that will decrease your chances of being sweaty and frustrated. #### Types Like a lot of other backcountry equipment, boots are separated into two types: those that go downhill really well, and those that go uphill really well. Obviously, there are boots that split the difference, but it’s easier to organize everything into uphill and downhill categories. Uphill boots will typically have a tongue, tech binding compatible inserts, fewer buckles, a greater range in cuff rotation as well as a higher pivot point, a lugged sole, and be made of thinner plastic. Downhill AT ski boots may simply look a lot like a traditional, overlap cuff alpine boots, with the addition of a ski/walk mechanism. With the advent of burly tech bindings, many downhill oriented AT ski boots are now offering tech inserts as well. However, it’s really amazing how well light, uphill oriented AT ski boots are skiing downhill these days. Don’t let the number of buckles fool you, either. There are two-buckle AT ski boots that ski just as well as any four-buckle AT ski boots. Tounge boots can be just as stiff as overlap cuff boots, although the flex pattern will be different. The cuff rotation on downhill oriented AT ski boots gets better and better every year. We’re big fans of having different tools for different purposes, but if you’re going to invest in your first pair of AT ski boots, it’s worth buying something that falls right in the middle. #### Ski/Walk Mechanism With backcountry touring, you’re going to spend about 85% – 90% of your day going uphill. Learn to love it, or at least get gear that’s going to make it less difficult. A ski/walk mechanism should be mandatory on any boot that you are using in the backcountry. Basically, the ski/walk mechanism releases the cuff of the boot so that it can pivot back and forth. The more range you have, the more comfortable you’re going to be. But there’s so much more to it than that! Pretty much every boot manufacturer has their own take on how to switch from ski to walk and vice-versa. All of these mechanisms are going to be located on the spine, or the back of the boot. The spine is also a critical part of the boot’s structure and helps to determine how stiff the boot is – aka, how powerful the boot is. Brands like Scarpa and Atomic have tackled this issue by literally making the ski/walk mechanism THE spine of the boots. In these cases, the spine is a big, burly level that flips up and down. When it’s down, it locks the cuff to the lower shell, and when it’s up, it doesn’t. All brands seem to have some take on the spine lever now. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Ski-Boot-Spine-Lever-1.jpg) Other brands, like Dynafit, have opted for ski/walk mechanisms that make transitions easier. Unbuckling the cuff buckle on some Dynafit boots automatically puts the boot in walk mode, and vice-versa. In general, when you’re skinning uphill, you want to open all of your buckles. Additionally, the “buckle mechanism” has proven to offer surprisingly good range of motion and power on the downhill. #### Buckles The three different types of buckles that you’ll find on AT ski boots are wire straps, ratchet straps, and traditional alpine boot cam buckles. Traditional cam buckles are going to provide the most rigid connection, and therefore the best power transfer, but they don’t work well with tongue boots because they can’t span across the tongue. To solve this problem boot manufacturers use wire buckles which basically extended the reach of cam buckles via a wire loop, and ratchet straps, which look a lot like snowboard straps. When buying AT ski boots, look at how many buckles there are, what kind of buckles they are, and how easy it will be to transition from ski to walk and back. #### Tech Inserts Almost all AT ski boots offer tech inserts these days. Tech inserts are metal indents in the toe and heel that allow the boot to connect to a tech binding. Unless you know for sure that you are never going to use the boot in a tech binding, just get a boot with tech inserts. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-AT-Ski-Boots-Inserts.jpg) #### Soles and DIN Compatibility AT ski boots will either have a lugged sole or an alpine sole. Lugged soles look like mountaineering boot soles and are ideal if you’re going to be walking around on rock (i.e. ski mountaineering). In general, most lugged soles shouldn’t be used in frame AT ski bindings or alpine bindings because the boots do not meet DIN standards for side release. Some frame bindings have an anti-friction plate under the ball of the foot. This feature certainly improves reliability, but nothing is as good for DIN as a smooth alpine sole. But then, your boot will suck for walking around. Again, just figure out what kind of backcountry skiing you’re going to be doing and go from there. [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Riding Specific Backpack ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Backpack-1.jpg) This is one of those items that is arguably essential. You can definitely get away with a non-riding specific backpack for a little while as long as it is large enough to fit all your things, but, if you’re serious about getting out into the backcountry, you’re going to want one. Here are some of the benefits of riding specific backpacks. #### Size Riding specific packs are big enough to fit everything inside. No more shovel handles falling off into the snow to become lonely, neglected, trash in my gear room. Most are between 25L and 45L for capacity. If you’re going out for a shorter day tour and you’re splitting up essential group gear amongst the squad, 25-35L is a great size. Going out for a longer tour or a mountaineering objective in glaciated or complex terrain? Get something more on the 45L side of things so you can fit your rope and rack inside your pack as well. #### Storage of Essential Equipment All riding specific backpacks have an easy access pocket that fits your shovel, probe, and snow saw, if you’re carrying one. Some also have an easy access pocket for your FA kit. When time is of the essence in a rescue, being able to easily access your equipment is essential. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Backpack-Gear-Storage-2.jpg) #### Ski/Board Carry Most backpacks have several available carrying system options built-in (Diagonal, “A” Frame, or Straight) depending on how long you’re booting, where you’re storing your helmet, etc. These systems are designed for skis/boards, so you don’t have to worry about the plastic buckles on your non-riding specific tension straps exploding on you and launching your fun sticks to the bottom of the mountain without you. #### Riding Specific Pockets and Access Having a goggle pocket, external helmet carry system, and zippers in all the right places for easy access to things in your backpack even while you’re carrying your boards is dreamy. Treat yo’ self. #### Airbag Compatible Many packs coming out now are airbag compatible. This means that even if you’re not ready to drop the major coin on an airbag, you can get the backpack and leave that option open for the future. [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Airbag Backpack ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Airbag-Backpacks-1.jpg) Once upon a time, nobody skied the backcountry with an airbag backpack. Those days are pretty much over. Airbag backpacks work. Period. If you’re just getting into backcountry skiing and riding and you’re tight on bucks, you definitely want to purchase a beacon, probe, and shovel first. However, an airbag backpack should be on your Christmas list. #### Science! Airbag backpacks prevent you from being buried in an avalanche via the law of inverse particles. Say what? Let’s make this more simple by framing it in the context of the Brazil nut theory. If you take a jar of mixed nuts and shake it, the Brazil nuts will work their way up to the top. Why? Because they’re the biggest nuts in the jar. Just like you – or like you want to be in an avalanche, at least. So no, airbag backpacks don’t actually “float” you in the traditional sense of fluid dynamics, they simply sort you to the surface of the tumbling ball pit. That’s right – it’s physics, baby! Why is this awesome? Well, 75% of avalanche fatalities are the result of asphyxiation. Asphyxiation requires victims to be fully buried, and if you’re not fully buried, it’s hard to asphyxiate. 25% of all avalanche fatalities are the result of trauma, however, airbag backpacks decrease the likelihood of trauma as well. If you’re not getting washing machined hard, you’re probably not going to get as beat up. Surfers know what I’m talking about. #### Inflation Systems Airbag backpacks have come a long way since their inception. To begin, the backpacks themselves have improved greatly as skiing and riding specific packs. For the most part, one brand or style is no better than another in terms of backcountry touring features. One of the best innovations in recent years is modular inflation systems. Basically, with a modular inflation system, you only have to buy the airbag part of the backpack once, and you can use it with different styles or sizes of compatible riding-specific backpacks. Most major airbag manufacturers now offer some sort of modular option. All airbags are deployed via a handle in the shoulder strap. In order for the airbag to work, you have to actually pull the handle while you still can. There are two primary systems for getting air into the airbag. The first is compressed air, and the second is turbofan technology. Compressed air comes in the form of an air canister that can be filled to extremely high pressures (3000 PSI), sort of like a mini scuba tank. When deployed, the canisters release their air into the airbag. Additional outside air is often sucked into the airbag as well via the Venturi effect. More science! Different brands have different ways in which the canisters release air, each with their own pros and cons. However, all compressed air systems are single deployment. Canisters must be exchanged with a dealer or refilled at a scuba shop. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Airbag-Backpack-Canister-1.jpg) Turbofan airbag backpacks use batteries or super-capacitors to power a turbofan and move a lot of air really quickly. Turbofan technology allows for some innovative features such as multiple deployments, puncture refill, and airbag deflation to create a potential air pocket if the victim is fully buried. Because the system is electric, it can run diagnostics on itself as well. And there are no canisters to refill. Just plug it into an outlet. #### Travel Considerations Because airbag backpacks all utilize either a compressed air canister or a dense lithium-ion battery, air travel can be a bit of a pain. In our anecdotal experience, domestic travel or travel within North America seems to be a little easier with turbofan technology. International travel seems to go more smoothly with compressed air technology. The exact rules will depend on the airline and the country you’re traveling within, to, or from. #### Risky Shift All that being said, airbag backpacks are in no way a substitute for sound decision making and avalanche hazard avoidance. In our avalanche courses, we talk about the risky shift, which is the idea that people do dumber things when they feel more confident. Airbag backpacks should be used to simply increase your margin of safety, much like avalanche beacons, probes, and shovels. You should most definitely never say “well, I can ski this terrain because I have an airbag,” either out loud or otherwise. Airbag backpacks are great, but once you are caught in an avalanche, you’re not guaranteed a 100% chance of survival. [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Repair Kit Let’s layout a little scenario. You’re out for a long day tour in perfect pow conditions. To get away from the crowds, you push out pretty far into terrain and drop into a different drainage than the car is parked. On your run down, you take a tumble and rip out your toe piece. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Repair-Kits-for-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Embed4-1.jpg) Without a repair kit, what are your options? How long will it take you to crawl out? Is that even possible? People have died this way. The way to avoid (at the least) a very frustrating and slow evacuation out of the field is to invest in a quality repair kit that can fix most problems. You’ll be surprised how modest a financial investment it is. Check out our blog on [repair kits](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/repair-kits-for-backcountry-skiing-and-riding/) to get some ideas on what to carry. [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### First Aid Kit If someone is actually caught in an avalanche, they’ll likely be suffering from a plethora of injuries — including trauma. Do you have the [education](#WFRAnchor) to know how to help? Do you carry a first aid kit? Does it consist of some blister care stuff, a couple of band-aids, and a beer? If so, that’s not going to do much if the poop smacks the fan. Check out our blog on [first aid kits](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-first-aid-kits/) to get some ideas on what to carry. [Back to Gear](#GearAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ## Backcountry Skiing Skills/Techniques (How do I do it?) > “On the mountains of truth you can never climb in vain: either you will reach a point higher up today, or you will be training your powers so that you will be able to climb higher tomorrow. ” ~Friedrich Nietzsche ### Wax on… Wax Off Alright grasshoppers. Whether you’re just beginning this journey or have hundreds of days logged in the backcountry, there’s always more to learn. In this section you’ll find resources to hone your skills in the following categories: [**Avalanche Rescue**](#AvalancheAnchor) | [**Navigation**](#NavigationAnchor) | [**Uphill Travel Techniques**](#UphillAnchor) | [**Downhill Travel Techniques**](#DownhillAnchor) If you don’t see what you’re looking for, remember to [let us know](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/contact/), and we’ll add it! --- ### Avalanche Rescue An essential skillset for anyone traveling in avalanche terrain is the ability to perform a rescue. Though you hopefully make good decisions and never have to use rescue skills in real-time, prepare for the worst. Below we walk you through how to perform a single person rescue and go over some strategic shoveling techniques. In order to truly become fluent in rescue, take a rescue course and practice, practice, practice! #### Single Burial Rescue Most often, avalanche incidents involve just a single buried individual. In the most simple terms, an avalanche rescue requires one to use their avalanche beacon to follow a signal, probe to physically identify the buried human, and then shovel to extricate them. Our [Single Burial Rescue](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/single-burial-avalanche-rescue/) blog will walk you through all the nitty-gritty details of how to perform a rescue. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Single-Searcher-1-2.jpg) #### Strategic Shoveling In an avalanche rescue, you’ll spend the most amount of time shoveling. Yes, shoveling. So knowing how to do it efficiently will not only save your back, but save lives. Check out [Strategic Shoveling for Avalanche Rescue](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/strategic-shoveling-for-avalanche-rescue/) to learn how to dig well and with purpose. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Embed2.jpg) [Back to Skills/Techniques](#SkillsAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Navigation #### Whiteout Navigation If you get caught out in a whiteout, especially in glaciated or snowy terrain with no distinguishable terrain characteristics, it’s easy to become disoriented. Heard the phrase “inside the ping-pong ball?” Check out our blog on [Whiteout Navigation](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/whiteout-navigation/) to learn the things you need to know to make the best decision on where and how to navigate. ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Whiteout-Navigation-Embed1.jpg) --- #### Navigation 101 Taking it back to the essentials for navigation: how to use a compass in conjunction with a map to find your way through terrain. In our [Navigation 101](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-navigation-101/) post we go over the parts of a compass, declination, magnetic vs true north, taking bearings, and more. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Whiteout-Navigation-Navigation-Tools.jpg) [Back to Skills/Techniques](#SkillsAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Uphill Travel Techniques A big part of traveling in the backcountry is learning to be efficient on the uphill. Learning how to do rounded, AVA, and multiple types of kick turns allows you to travel through terrain without entering the “V of Doom.” If you’re curious about skinning techniques that includes transitions and ski crampon use, check out our blog on [Backcountry Skiing Skinning Techniques](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-skinning-techniques/). For travel strategies to help keep the group traveling safely together, check out our [Travel Techniques for Backcountry Skiers](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/travel-techniques-for-backcountry-skiers/) post. [Back to Skills/Techniques](#SkillsAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Downhill Techniques Once you transition to downhill in the backcountry, things can go wrong in a hurry. Though there are many incidents where travelers are caught in avalanches on the up-track, the majority of accidents happen on the downhill. Where you’ve hopefully been traveling pretty close together and utilizing the uphill travel techniques above appropriately, it’s much easier to spread out and lose each other once gravity is on your side. Skiing or riding downhill is really fun… so enter the [human factor](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/human-factor-in-backcountry-skiing/) again. Below are some common travel strategies to help manage folks through the terrain. - Eyes On - One At A Time - Safe Zones - Easing Into Terrain - Fencing - Buddy System - Stacking Tracks - The “Yell-a-pillar” - Short Pitches - Long Pitches - Leap-frogging Not sure what these techniques are? Check out our blog on [Travel Techniques for Backcountry Skiers](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/travel-techniques-for-backcountry-skiers/) to get full descriptions of each. [Back to Skills/Techniques](#SkillsAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ## Backcountry Skiing Planning Resources (When and Where do I go?) > “A goal without a plan is just a wish” ~Antoine de Saint-Exupery One of the most common questions we get after courses is “where should I go skiing or riding?” Thankfully, there is endless terrain for us to explore in Washington — especially if you have a brap-brap machine [AKA Snowmobile](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/adventures/snowmobile-assisted-backcountry-skiing/). If you can ride even a tenth of the terrain in the state available to ride in your lifetime, hats off to you. The Cascades are gnarly. You can have all the beta on a route and still get shut down if you go at the wrong time. To that end, this section will be all about the resources available to show you not just where you can go, but nail it with appropriate timing. **[**Your Avalanche Center**](#CenterAnchor) | [**Run Lists**](#ListsAnchor) | [**Guide Books**](#BooksAnchor) | [Mapping/Navigation Resources](#MappingAnchor) | [Weather Resources](#WeatherAnchor)** --- ### Your Avalanche Center In the United States, you can find your local Avalanche Center by going to [Avalanche.org](https://avalanche.org/). Avalanche.org connects the public to avalanche information and education in the United States. They are partnered with the American Avalanche Association (A3) and the US Forest Service National Avalanche Center (NAC). The site consolidates data from professional forecast centers to provide real-time avalanche information. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Avalancheorg.jpg) In Canada, you can go to [Avalanche Canada](https://www.avalanche.ca/) for information on avalanches. --- #### Avalanche Danger Scale The North American Avalanche Danger Scale is a tool used by avalanche forecasters to communicate the potential for avalanches to cause harm or injury to backcountry travelers. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Danger-Scale.jpg) --- #### Avalanche Problems Not all avalanches are the same. In order to communicate the distinct personalities of avalanches, experts identified nine distinct problem types you could encounter on any given day in the backcountry. These are: - Loose dry - Loose Wet - Wind Slab - Storm Slab - Wet Slab - Persistent Slab - Deep Persistent Slab - Cornice Fall - Glide Avalanche To learn about the different types of avalanche problems, check out our [Avalanche Problems](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/avalanche-problems/) blog. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Avalanche-Problems-Overview-2.jpg) [Back to Resources](#ResourcesAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Run Lists Run lists create a structured process for assessing terrain. They often include maps, photos, satellite imagery, and other resources with common runs drawn in and labeled. Maps help us determine distances, elevation changes, and slope angles. Imagery allows us to build familiarity with terrain, and identify areas of concern in much greater detail. Labels, or names, allow us to communicate our terrain choices clearly. **The goal is to sit down before a day of backcountry skiing or snowboarding, assess the avalanche hazard, and rate each potential run as either open or closed.** Once in the field, further observations can be used to close open runs. However, a run that is closed at any point cannot be re-opened. Those are the rules. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-RunLists-1.jpg) Check out our blog on [Operational Run Lists](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-run-lists/) to understand how to utilize them as a resource. [Back to Resources](#ResourcesAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Guide Books **[Backcountry Ski & Snowboard Routes Washington](https://www.amazon.com/Backcountry-Ski-Snowboard-Routes-Washington/dp/1594856567)** by Martin Volken ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Book1-2.jpg) **[Backcountry Ski & Snowboard Routes Oregon](https://www.amazon.com/Backcountry-Ski-Snowboard-Routes-Oregon/dp/1594855161/ref=pd_bxgy_img_2/140-2589685-7518404?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=1594855161&pd_rd_r=0fcefc7e-3768-4060-acee-0b3a256ef421&pd_rd_w=snb1P&pd_rd_wg=ciot8&pf_rd_p=ce6c479b-ef53-49a6-845b-bbbf35c28dd3&pf_rd_r=1XKT4K5M18GRVH5S0ZBQ&psc=1&refRID=1XKT4K5M18GRVH5S0ZBQ)** by Christopher Van Tilberg ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Book2-1.jpg) **[Backcountry Skiing: Skills for Ski Touring and Ski Mountaineering](https://www.amazon.com/Backcountry-Skiing-Touring-Mountaineering-Mountaineers/dp/1594850380/ref=pd_lpo_14_img_0/140-2589685-7518404?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=1594850380&pd_rd_r=ef5d2e87-0317-4b19-a769-5bd8c671a41a&pd_rd_w=EPSgh&pd_rd_wg=7xNlI&pf_rd_p=7b36d496-f366-4631-94d3-61b87b52511b&pf_rd_r=4CCYSNV0424X3J58H62A&psc=1&refRID=4CCYSNV0424X3J58H62A)** by Martin Volken, Scott Schell, and Margaret Wheeler ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Book4-1.jpg) **[Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain](https://www.amazon.com/Staying-Alive-Avalanche-Terrain-Tremper/dp/1680511386/ref=pd_bxgy_img_2/140-2589685-7518404?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=1680511386&pd_rd_r=0aba7f27-6aa7-4156-9493-10a7b8fa6b1d&pd_rd_w=cRqo4&pd_rd_wg=ETNNu&pf_rd_p=ce6c479b-ef53-49a6-845b-bbbf35c28dd3&pf_rd_r=W712H18YG19DVSVT8D0Q&psc=1&refRID=W712H18YG19DVSVT8D0Q)** By Bruce Tremper ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Book3-2.jpg) **[Snow Sense: A Guide to Evaluating Snow Avalanche Hazard](https://www.amazon.com/Snow-Sense-Evaluating-Avalanche-Hazard/dp/061549935X)** by Jill Fredston ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Book6.jpg) **[The Avalanche Handbook](https://www.amazon.com/Avalanche-Handbook-David-McClung/dp/0898868092/ref=pd_sbs_14_5/140-2589685-7518404?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=0898868092&pd_rd_r=296dc445-cd82-4ed1-8683-66032f403304&pd_rd_w=YJ7Pf&pd_rd_wg=MFWIJ&pf_rd_p=b65ee94e-1282-43fc-a8b1-8bf931f6dfab&pf_rd_r=TT1PMFNVF87HWQ7V6P7X&psc=1&refRID=TT1PMFNVF87HWQ7V6P7X)** by David McClung and Peter Schaerer ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Book5-1.jpg) [Back to Resources](#ResourcesAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Mapping/Navigation Resources [**CalTopo**](https://caltopo.com/) allows you to build your own routes and run lists with multiple overlays from slope angle shading to sun exposure. You can also get all the terrain statistics from your routes including elevation change and loss, ground cover, total distance, and more. Then, you can make PDFs of your maps, print them, or upload tracks to your phone or GPS via their app. Some of the pro features and overlays cost money, but the base application and package is free! ![Baker Mountains Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-CalTopo-1.jpg) [Back to Resources](#ResourcesAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- [**Gaia**](https://www.gaiagps.com/) is quite similar to CalTopo, but is a yearly subscription. It’s track or route building is not as refined as CalTopo, but it’s tracking features in their phone application is fantastic for turning your smart phone into a GPS. Also, there are tons of community tracks you can explore to see where folks are climbing and how they are accessing certain terrain. If the tracks are public, you can download them and save them to your own devices, saving you the trouble of creating the track yourself! Gaia also allows you to upload photos and tag their exact locations for more detailed trip reports. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Gaia.jpg) [Back to Resources](#ResourcesAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Weather Resources [**Windy**](https://www.windy.com/?47.663,-122.303,5) Windy is a fantastic tool for weather forecast visualization. This fast, intuitive, detailed accurate weather app is the most up-to-date weather forecast around. It brings you all the world’s leading weather forecasting models: global ECMWF and GFS, plus local NEMS, AROME and ICON (for Europe) and NAM (for the USA) so you can compare forecasts. 40 weather maps from wind, rain, temperature and pressure to swell or CAPE index. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Windy.jpg) --- [**NOAA**](https://www.weather.gov/) NWS provides weather, water, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy. These services include Forecasts and Observations, Warnings, Impact-based Decision Support Services, and Education in an effort to build a Weather-Ready Nation. The ultimate goal is to have a society that is prepared for and responds to weather, water, and climate events. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-NOAA.jpg) --- [**Mountain Weather**](https://www.nwac.us/mountain-weather-forecast/current/) Most avalanche centers are tasked with developing a mountain weather forecast as well as an avalanche forecast. In fact, the mountain weather forecast is used to inform the avalanche forecast. Weather creates snowpack which creates avalanche hazard. ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Mountain-Weather-Forecast-1.jpg) The nice thing about avalanche center forecasts is that they are developed specifically for the mountains, as opposed to NOAA, which produces forecasts for population centers. NOAA’s point forecast tool uses an algorithm to estimate the forecast at any point on a map, but it’s not as good as real life meteorologists building weather forecasts specifically for the mountain pass where you are planning on backcountry skiing or riding. --- [**Weather Station Lists**](https://www.nwac.us/weatherdata/) Most avalanche center websites conveniently link to weather station data for commonly used areas within their forecast zone. Every hour you get up to date information for precip totals, max/low/avg temps, wind speed, and so on. You can find the weather station nearest where you are traveling and get real-time numbers of what is actually happening out there. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Station-List.jpg) --- [**Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL)**](https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/) Not every single weather station is listed on avalanche center websites. In fact, in the Mount Baker region, NWAC only lists one of the three local telemetry stations. SNOTEL data allows you to see real-time numbers from telemetry sites all over the United States including Alaska. Precipitation, temperatures, Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), Snow depth, etc. The information may not be presented in a format that is as user friendly as the avalanche center, but it’s all there. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-SNOTEL-1.jpg) [Back to Resources](#ResourcesAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ## Mountain Ethics (How do I recreate responsibly?) > “When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect…. > That land is a community is the basic concept of ecology, but that land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics.” ~Aldo Leopold ### Reimagining Recreation At Baker Mountain Guides we sell recreation. We sell fun, even if it is Type II fun. We encourage people to get outside, to move across the lands, to explore, and help them achieve their goals. We practice [Leave No Trace](https://lnt.org/why/7-principles/) and we pack out our poop. **That’s not enough anymore.** We can all feel the pressure of [all the humans in the backcountry](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/2019/05/everest-season-deaths-controversy-crowding/). The desire to push our bodies farther and farther out on the land. We like to remind ourselves that **our playground is someone else’s home.** ![reimagining recreation](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Reimagining-Recreation-Wolverine.jpg) *Photo by [David Moskowitz](https://davidmoskowitz.net/)* – *Cascades Wolverine Project* We invite you to engage in a conversation with us on how we can [reimagine recreation](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/reimagining-recreation/) together. You can start by reading [Reverence, Respect, Reciprocity: A Sustainable Future for Recreation](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/reverence-respect-reciprocity/). Then send us an email or leave us a comment with your thoughts! --- ### Trail Etiquette Say you’re going up an established skin track and a group of bandit snow-shoers are decending upon you like an unruly pack of cackling cayotes clutching White Claws. Who has the right of way? How can you engage with other users in a respectful way that benefits everyone? Check out our blog on [Winter Backcountry Trail Etiquette](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/winter-backcountry-trail-etiquette/). [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ## Continued Education (How do I get better?) > “Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.” ~Will Durant ### Avalanches Don’t Care There’s no replacement for hands-on experience with certified professionals for getting better at anything. If you’re learning to fly a plane, you don’t just read a book about being a pilot, play flight simulator on the computer a few times and then jump in a real plane, confident that you can fly. If you tried this, you might get away with it, but odds are you’re playing with COVID (Too soon)? Instead, you go up with a certified flight instructor who can teach and mentor you as well as be a safety net if things go wrong. In any activity where your life is potentially forfeit for a wrong decision, you should try to stack the odds in your favor as much as possible. **Like it or not, the majority of backcountry skiing and riding takes place in avalanche terrain, and avalanches don’t care if you’re highly ignorant or highly skilled. They just are.** Knowing where they are and how to avoid them as well as how to respond in case of an emergency is essential. So here’s a list of courses available to you to continue your education and make sure you’re set up for success. **[Recreational Level 1 and 2](#Rec1Anchor) | [Professional Level 1 and 2](#Pro1Anchor) | [Avalanche Rescue Course](#RescueAnchor) | [Backcountry Skiing Courses](#BCProAnchor) | [Wilderness First Aid/Responder (WFA/WFR)](#WFRAnchor)** --- ### Avalanche Courses: Recreational Level 1 and 2 ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-riding-Recreational-Avalanche-Courses-1.jpg) #### AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course The [AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/) is designed to provide you with a foundational understanding of avalanches, observational and decision-making techniques, avalanche terrain assessment, and companion rescue. Along with learning the science and theory behind the avalanche phenomenon, you will be challenged to apply your new skills in the backcountry. #### AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course The [AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-2-avalanche-course/) is designed for experienced backcountry skiers and snowboarders looking to improve their evaluation of critical avalanche hazard assessment factors. The 3-day curriculum focuses on advanced observational techniques and prepares you to lead backcountry tours in more complicated terrain and snow conditions. [Back to Education](#EducationAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Avalanche Rescue Course ![Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing and Riding](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ultimate-Guide-to-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Avalanche-Rescue-Course.jpg) The [AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/avalanche-rescue/) is a pre-requisite for both the AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course, and the AIARE Pro 1 Avalanche Course. Students can expect to learn fundamental avalanche rescue skills for both single and multiple burials. Instructors will facilitate realistic practice scenarios, and provide mentorship and feedback. [Back to Education](#EducationAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Avalanche Courses: Professional Level 1 and 2 Professional level courses are be run directly through AIARE and other AAA approved providers. You will begin your professional avalanche education with the [Professional Avalanche Training 1 course](http://avtraining.org/aiare-pro-1/). The AIARE Level 1 and the AIARE Avalanche Rescue Courses are pre-requisites for the Pro 1. #### Professional Avalanche Training 1 The Professional Avalanche Training 1 Course is designed for entry-level avalanche professionals, or those seeking employment in the avalanche industry. The Professional Avalanche Training 1 is similar to the old AIARE Level 2, but allows more time for students to develop their standardized observational skills, recording methods, and operational decision making. The Pro 1 is 5 days in length and includes an examination at the end of the course to ensure student competency. #### Professional Avalanche Training 2 The [Professional Avalanche Training 2](http://avtraining.org/aiare-pro-2/) course replaces the old AIARE Level 3. Pre-requisites for the Pro 2 include the AIARE level 1, AIARE Avalanche Rescue course, and Pro 1. From the AAA: *Professional Avalanche Training 2 (Pro 2) is designed for developing avalanche professionals with several seasons of applied professional experience. This course focuses on skills and proficiencies that enable the student to step into a leadership role within an operational avalanche program. The student will be taught proficiencies to develop operational risk management decision-making skills, including forecasting, risk mitigation strategies, and professional communication.* Check out our blog on the [Pro/Rec Split for avalanche courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/avalanche-course-pro-rec-split/) to understand which path is right for you. [Back to Education](#EducationAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Backcountry Skiing Courses ![Twin Sisters Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Twin-Sisters-Backcountry-Skiing-Itinerary-1.jpg) All our backcountry skiing and ski mountaineering courses are broken up between Tech Courses and Pro Courses. [**Tech Courses**](#TechAnchor) are designed to provide specific technical knowledge in a short course format. [**Pro courses**](#ProAnchor), on the other hand, are for recreationists wanting to operate at a professional level. **Below are our five available backcountry skiing and mountaineering courses**. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Flowchart.jpg) **These courses are designed to be taken in any order as long as you meet the prerequisites**. Below is a brief explanation of Tech vs Pro courses. For a full breakdown of these courses, check out our [Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/backcountryskiing-courses/) page. --- #### TECH COURSES Tech courses are designed for those seeking a concise and affordable approach to learning technical backcountry skiing and riding skills. From introductory skinning techniques to rappelling into couloirs, our tech series has you covered. ![Glaciated Ski Mountaineering Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Glaciated-Ski-Mountaineering-Course-Gallery-5.jpg) Our three Tech Courses are: [Intro to Backcountry Skiing Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/intro-to-backcountry-skiing-course/) | [Steep Ski Mountaineering Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/steep-ski-mountaineering-course/) | [Glaciated Ski Mountaineering Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/glaciated-ski-mountaineering-course/) --- #### PRO COURSES Pro Courses are designed for **recreationists wanting to operate at a professional level**. The only certifying body in the United States for professional Mountain Guides is the [American Mountain Guides Association](https://amga.com/) (AMGA). If certification is not your goal, our courses offer a similar curriculum as these industry professional-level courses but tailored specifically to you, the recreationist. ![Ski Mountaineering Pro Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Ski-Mountaineering-Pro-Course-Overview.jpg) Our two Pro Courses are: [Backcountry Skiing Pro Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/backcountry-skiing-pro-course/) | [Ski Mountaineering Pro Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/ski-mountaineering-pro-course/) [Back to Education](#EducationAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Wilderness First Aid/Responder If you are planning on traveling in the backcountry, you should have the skills to provide medical assistance. Since you will likely not have quick access to emergency care out in the wilderness, you are the first responder to any emergency. Thus, the Wilderness First Aid (WFA) and Wilderness First Responder (WFR people say “woofer”) courses. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-First-Aid-Kits-Embed1.jpg) There are many providers of these two different courses. [NOLS Wilderness Medicine](https://www.nols.edu/en/wilderness-medicine/why-nols/) is the most recognized and known for quality in the business, so we’ve linked them here, but [Desert Mountain Medicine](https://desertmountainmedicine.com/) also delivers a really high-quality course, so check them out as well. As a small guide service, we like supporting fellow small businesses. #### Wilderness First Aid The [Wilderness First Aid](https://www.nols.edu/en/coursefinder/courses/wilderness-first-aid-WFA/) course is an introduction to wilderness medicine, taught over two or two and a half days. It’s great for some base knowledge if you recreate outdoors where EMS response can be expected in a timely manner (fewer than eight hours). “You’ll learn the Patient Assessment System, how to provide effective first aid treatments for injuries and illnesses common in the outdoors, and how to make appropriate evacuation decisions.” (NOLS WMI) The course consists of indoor and outdoor components and is a lot of experiential learning through the use of scenarios. #### Wilderness First Responder The [Wilderness First Responder](https://www.nols.edu/en/coursefinder/courses/wilderness-first-responder-WFR/) Courses are the industry standard for professional guides, trip leaders, search and rescue team members, outdoor recreationists, and international travelers, but they are fantastic knowledge for anyone that plans to travel to more remote locations where access to care is greater than eight hours. After the 9-10 day course, “you will be able to conduct a thorough physical exam, obtain a patient history, assess vital signs, provide emergency care in the wilderness, and make crucial evacuation decisions.” (NOLS WMI) [Back to Education](#EducationAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Climbing Ethics, Mountain Culture, Mountain Training, Route Profiles, Stewardship, Tech Tips **Tags:** aiare, Education, Riding, Skiing, Skills, snowmobile, Splitboarding, Techniques, Ultimate Guide --- ### [Whiteout Navigation](https://bakermountainguides.com/whiteout-navigation/) **Published:** October 10, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ## Whiteout Navigation Whether you are a backcountry skier or mountain climber, learning the basics of whiteout navigation is essential for off-trail travel in the mountains. This post presents tools, strategies, and techniques to keep in your quiver for those low visibility days. This post has two main sections: **1.** **[Where to Move](#WhereAnchor)** (Tools for knowing where to go in a whiteout) [Whiteout Navigation Plan](#PlanAnchor) | [Navigation Tools](#ToolsAnchor) **2.** **[How to Move ](#HowAnchor)**(Strategies and techniques for how to travel and stay on course) [Handrails](#HandrailAnchor) | [Bearing Off](#BearingAnchor) | [Travel Techniques](#TravelAnchor) ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Whiteout-Navigation-Embed1-1.jpg) --- ## Where to Move If you get caught out in a whiteout, especially in glaciated or snowy terrain with no distinguishable terrain characteristics, it’s easy to become disoriented. Heard the phrase “inside the ping-pong ball?” Below are the things you need to know to make the best decision on where to navigate. ### Whiteout Navigation Plan The easiest way to know where to navigate in a white-out is to be proactive and have a whiteout navigation plan. These plans can be as complex and detailed as you’d like but need at the core three main details: **Waypoints**, **Bearings**, and **Back Bearings**. Below is an example of a complex whiteout navigation plan that also includes UTMs, distance, elevation, and munter rates. Curious how to make complex tour plans? Check out our [Backcountry Skiing Pro Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/backcountry-skiing-pro-course/) for backcountry skiers and riders. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Whiteout-Navigation-Plan.jpg) #### Waypoints Waypoints are points placed along your route at regular intervals that are used for navigation. Think of them like a trail of bread crumbs you can use to navigate through terrain and then also get back home. Ideally, waypoints are placed at the start and end objective of your route, and anywhere a change in direction is required. They also work best at obvious terrain features that you can’t miss. Those could be an individual tree or large boulder on a ridge, or a lake, cliff face, drainage, highway, or larger scale feature. Your goal is to go then from waypoint to waypoint to get to your objective and then reverse the waypoints to get back home. #### Bearings Where waypoints are the bread crumbs, bearings are how you navigate to the next bread crumb without getting lost. By recording the compass bearing in your plan to the next waypoint, you can be sure that you’re headed in the right direction (remember to adjust for declination). Don’t know how to take a bearing or what declination is? Check out our [Backcountry Navigation 101](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-navigation-101/) blog. #### Back Bearings Just as important as knowing your bearing to the next waypoint is the bearing back to the previous one. Back bearings get you home. Calculating the 180 degree opposite of your bearing to a waypoint gives you the back bearing. In the navigation plan above, you can see on line one that the bearing from the car to the first waypoint is 198 degrees. Therefore, 198-180 = 18 degrees for the back bearing. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Navigation Tools ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Whiteout-Navigation-Navigation-Tools.jpg) #### GPS There are cell phone applications now like [CalTopo](https://caltopo.com/) and [Gaia](https://www.gaiagps.com/) that turn your cell phone into a GPS even in airplane mode. This can be a more affordable option than to drop hundreds of dollars on a stand-alone GPS unit. Drawbacks to using your cell phone as a GPS unit is battery life, cell phones die quicker, and usability in wet conditions (like a whiteout). Touch screens don’t really work well when wet. #### Altimeter There are quite affordable altimeter watches now that (if calibrated regularly) are quite accurate. Knowing your elevation is essential when navigating in a whiteout. A GPS will provide your elevation, but it’s nice to have a back up in case your phone or GPS unit runs out of battery. #### Map Have an analog backup to the technology. If you actually want to be able to use it in a whiteout, laminate the map or at least put it in a zip lock bag to waterproof it. #### Compass The ultimate navigation tool. Much easier than trying to pull out your cell phone or a GPS in a storm. If you did your homework and have a good whiteout navigation plan, then you just need to follow your compass bearing. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ## How to Move Once you decide on where to go, here are some strategies and techniques to help keep the squad together and to where you need to go. ### Handrails These are obvious physical terrain features that you can use as a “handrail” to ensure that you don’t get off route. A creek or river, ridgelines, valley bottoms, couloirs, and roads are all obvious terrain features that you’ll recognize when you hit them, even in a whiteout. Below is an example of a ridgeline handrail (the railroad grade on the [Easton Glacier](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-baker-easton-glacier/) route up Mount Baker). Even in a whiteout, as long as you don’t stray from the ridge, you’ll make it where you want to go. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Whiteout-Navigation-Embed2.jpg) In the picture below, if trying to get from the saddle on the Coleman-Deming Route of Mount Baker (Waypoint in lower right) back to camp (Waypoint in upper left), it is important to avoid the center of the Coleman Glacier (Red) where it is heavily crevassed. By using the Heliotrope Ridge (Yellow) as a “handrail”, you can make sure that you’re headed in the right direction by keeping the ridge in sight on the left as you travel downhill (Green). ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Whiteout-Navigation-Handrails.jpg) [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Bearing Off This is a technique where you intentionally take a bearing that is a few degrees off of your true desired destination in order to hit an obvious handrail feature that ensures you won’t miss your destination. In the example below, in glaciated terrain, we took a bearing that was intentionally off (green) in order to hit the ridge feature where we needed to change direction. If we missed the ridge feature (red), we’d end up out in the middle of the ice field with no physical handrails to know where we were. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Whiteout-Navigation-Bearing-Off.jpg) [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Travel Techniques #### Iron Caterpillar Make this your default uphill technique for ensuring the squad stays together in whiteout conditions. It’s pretty self-explanatory: Stay just behind the person in front of you (tip to tail if you’re on skis), and, like Ludacris says: “When I move you move”. Just like that. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Travel-Techniques-For-Backcountry-Skiers-and-Riders-1.jpg) #### Check the Leader On flat terrain, most folks travel in circles thinking they are walking in a straight line. To combat this, travel in your iron caterpillar and have the last person carrying a compass and the first person acting as a reference point. Regularly check the compass bearing against the leading person and adjust their direction left or right as required. Only two of you? Have the leader walk while the rear person stands still and holds the bearing. Instruct the leader where to go to be in line with the bearing and have them stop when they’re almost out of sight. Then Catch up to them, reacquire the bearing, and repeat. #### Physical Markers A common backcountry skiing and riding trick to be able to ride in whiteouts is to place some sort of physical thing on the slope in order to provide some contrast. Examples of this include large washers with flagging tape around them tossed at various intervals downslope, a ski pole tossed a little further ahead, or cordalette tied to a pole that you swish downhill in front of you. If you create a skin track or boot track on the way up, this could also count as a physical marker that could potentially be followed on the way back. Commonly in big glaciated terrain, folks use wands placed at regular intervals to navigate. If you go this route, make sure you pick up your wands on the way back unless you need to leave them for other parties so they don’t just become trash on the glacier. Want to learn more? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- **Categories:** Mountain Training, Tech Tips **Tags:** Backcountry Skiing, Baker Mountain Guides, Climbing, navigation, Riding, tech tips --- ### [Backcountry Navigation 101](https://bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-navigation-101/) **Published:** October 10, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ## Backcountry Navigation 101 Navigating in the backcountry has changed a lot over the years with easy and affordable access to technology. Anyone can now turn their cell phone into a stand-alone GPS unit that puts a blue dot wherever you are in terrain. The basics, however, haven’t changed. To truly use your navigation tools (even the fancy ones) you must first understand the basics of navigation: The [parts of a compass](#CompassAnchor) How to read [Topographical (Topo) Maps](#TopoAnchor) And how to use a map and compass together to [take and follow a bearing](#BearingAnchor) It’s important to not become too overly reliant on technology for navigation because what happens if the battery runs out? Do you have the skills to get back home without a blue dot or track to show you the way? ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Embed.jpg) --- ### The Compass The ultimate navigation tool. In a whiteout with horizontal freezing rain, the compass will get you where you want to go (as long as you know your bearing… more on that later). Before we can really get into navigation, you should first understand the parts of a compass and what they’re for. #### Base Plate Usually clear so you can see the map below, the base plate has at least one straight edge marked with scales, a direction of travel arrow, and index lines. #### Direction of Travel Arrow Reminds you which direction to point your compass in order to follow a bearing in the field. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Compass.jpg) #### Housing The liquid-filled capsule that contains the magnetic needle is called the housing. The liquid helps dampen the needle movement, making it easier to get a more accurate reading. #### Magnetic Needle A magnetic strip of metal that is on a pivot in the center of the housing. The part of the needle that points north is usually painted red, while the other side is often white or black. #### Dial The dial is part of the housing and is marked in two-degree increments. When the dial is rotated, the orienting arrow, declination scale, and orienting lines also rotate as part of the housing. #### Orienting Arrow The orienting arrow is marked on the bottom of the housing and rotates with the housing. It allows the baseplate to be aligned relative to the magnetic needle. This becomes important when you want to follow a bearing. #### Orienting Lines These lines are marked on the bottom of the housing and rotate with it, the same as the orienting arrow. They are also often called meridian lines and north-south lines. When taking a bearing from a map, the orienting lines are aligned with the north-south map grid lines. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Compass-Mirror-1.jpg) #### Sighting Mirror Some compasses come with a sighting mirror. The mirror allows you to view the compass dial and the background at the same time. Notice the vertical line in the center of the mirror above. This vertical line can be extended (conceptually) into the horizon to more accurately target your desired bearing. Additionally, if you’re a backcountry skier or rider, you can utilize sighting mirrors to measure slope angle, which is important when operating in avalanche terrain. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Topographic Maps Topographic maps (often called “Topo Maps” for short) represent 3-Dimensional terrain in a 2-Dimensional format. **These accurate and to-scale maps detail human-made and natural features on the ground** such as rivers, lakes, roads, railways, power transmission lines, contours, elevations, and geographical names. Using colors, they even identify glaciers, forests, and open alpine slopes. It’s important to know when the maps were created, however, because the world is constantly changing and some land features come and go. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Topo.jpg) The major components of topographic maps that actually allow you to see the 3-D landscape are contour lines. #### Contour Lines **Contour lines show elevation and the shape of terrain by connecting points of equal elevation**. This means that if you physically followed a contour line, elevation remains constant. Common contour intervals – the elevation change between contour lines- range from 40′(Most the lower 48) to 100′ (Alaska). The closer contour lines are together, the steeper the terrain. The further apart, the flatter or more mellow the terrain. Basically, you take a mountain and squish it flat on a page. The cartoon below will help you visualize what that looks like. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Contour-Lines.jpg) #### High Points and Low Points Contour lines, since they connect points of equal elevation, are circular in nature. If you follow a contour line for long enough, you’ll eventually get back to where you started. Because of this, **high points and low points are actually circles**. Can you find the high points on the summit plateau of Mount Baker below? ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Highpoints.jpg) #### Ridges and Gullys The “V’s” and “U’s” in your topo map contour lines. **To identify ridges, there is usually low ground in three directions and high ground in one direction**. When crossing a ridge at right angles, there is a steep climb to the crest and then a steep descent to the base. When moving along the ridge, depending on the location, there may be either an almost imperceptible slope or a very visible incline. The closed end of the contour line (Bottom of the V or U) points away from high ground. The ridges in the image below are marked in light yellow. The blue lines mark a saddle or pass, which is a low point along a ridge. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Ridge.jpg) **A gully looks like the opposite of a ridge on a topo map with the closed end of the contour line always pointing upstream or toward high ground**. Instead of low points on three sides, it has high points on three sides. A valley is just a large gully that is often very flat, wide, and open with a large watercourse running through it. In the image below, there are multiple gullies coming off of Granite Mountain and Mt. Sefrit ending in the valley below. Hint: water often flows in gullies, depicted by a blue line. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Gully.jpg) [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Taking a Bearing Now that you understand the parts of a compass and the basics of reading a topographical map, let’s get into how to actually use these tools to find our way in the mountains. #### Declination Unfortunately, our compass and map don’t work perfectly together unless you adjust for declination. Declination is the difference between **Magnetic North** (what your compass points to) vs **True North** (What maps are oriented to). Declination changes on a yearly basis and depending on where you are geographically. Thankfully, it’s an easy fix. You can look up the declination in your area on the [NOAA Website](https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/geomag/calculators/magcalc.shtml). Once you know your declination, most compasses allow you to rotate the actual housing in order to have the declination adjusted for. If you’ve got a compass that can do this, check out the video below to learn how and about declination in general. If not, you’ll have to do the math, but it’s not that bad. That’s coming from someone who doesn’t like math. You will be adding to your bearing (if your declination is east) or subtracting from (if your declination is west). For where I live in WA, the declination is 15 degrees East. In order for my compass to point to true north (0 degrees), I’ll just need to turn my dial 15 degrees counterclockwise. Again, this is because I would actually be facing 15 degrees (not 0 degrees) if I lined up my compass to face north without adjusting for declination. #### Bearings Once you’ve adjusted for declination, bearings are the way we can navigate through terrain and know we’re on the right track. To take a bearing using a map: **Step 1:** first figure out where you are and where you want to go. For this, it’s good to use clear landmarks. In the example below, I’m using a lake (**Point A**) as my location and a saddle (**Point B**) as where I want to end up. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Bearing1.jpg) **Step 2:** Ensure your map is oriented to North. The text should be right side up for reading purposes. **Step 3:** Place your compass with the straight edge along the invisible line that would Connect point A and Point B. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Bearing2-2.jpg) **Step 4:** Rotate the dial so that the orienting lines are parallel to the lines on the map and the compass housing is pointed north. In the image below, a ruler is overlayed to show the lines on the map being parallel to the orienting lines. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Bearing3.jpg) **Step 5:** Take your compass off the map and whatever number is where your direction of travel arrow is pointing is your bearing. In the image below and this example, that is 285 Degrees West. To follow it, just turn the compass until the red magnetic needle is inside the orienting arrow. Remember, if you haven’t adjusted for declination yet, you’ll need to do so here. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Navigation-101-Bearing4-1.jpg) Here’s a short video told in a great accent to summarize. Be sure to check out our blog on [Whiteout Navigation](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/whiteout-navigation/) to learn how to take bearings and navigation to the next level. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) **Categories:** Mountain Training, Tech Tips **Tags:** Baker Mountain Guides, bearing, compass, how to, navigation, waypoints --- ### [Avalanche Problems](https://bakermountainguides.com/avalanche-problems/) **Published:** October 10, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ## The Nine Avalanche Problems Explained Not all avalanches are the same. This post teaches you about the nine different Avalanche Problems you could encounter any given day while out in the backcountry. To get the most out of this post, you should first have a basic understanding of the [North American Avalanche Danger Scale](https://avalanche.org/avalanche-encyclopedia/danger-scale/#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20and%20Canada%20use,or%20injury%20to%20backcountry%20travelers.). Avalanche Problems are defined by four major elements, the **Avalanche Character**, **Location** the avalanche can be found in terrain, the **Likelihood** of triggering, and the **Size** (how big it will be). --- ### Avalanche Character In order to communicate the distinct personalities of avalanches, experts identified nine distinct problem types: [Loose Dry](#DryAnchor) | [Loose Wet](#WetAnchor) | [Wind Slab](#WindAnchor) | [Storm Slab](#StormAnchor) | [Persistent Slab](#PersistentAnchor) | [Deep Persistent Slab](#DeepAnchor) | [Wet Slab](#WetSAnchor) | [Glide](#GlideAnchor) | [Cornice Fall](#CorniceAnchor) ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Avalanche-Problems-Overview-2.jpg) --- #### Dry Loose Avalanches Dry Loose avalanches are the release of dry unconsolidated snow and typically occur within layers of soft snow near the surface of the snowpack. These avalanches start at a point and entrain snow as they move downhill, forming a fan-shaped avalanche. Other names for loose dry avalanches include point-release avalanches or sluffs. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- #### Wet Loose Avalanches Wet Loose avalanches are the release of wet unconsolidated snow or slush. These avalanches typically occur within layers of wet snow near the surface of the snowpack, but they may gouge into lower snowpack layers. Like Loose Dry Avalanches, they start at a point and entrain snow as they move downhill, forming a fan-shaped avalanche. Other names for loose-wet avalanches include point-release avalanches or sluffs. Loose Wet avalanches can trigger slab avalanches that break into deeper snow layers. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Avalanche-Problems-Loose-Wet.jpg) [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- #### Wind Slab Avalanche Wind Slab avalanches are the release of a cohesive layer of snow (a slab) formed by the wind. The wind typically transports snow from the upwind sides of terrain features and deposits snow on the downwind side. Often, wind slabs are smooth and rounded and sometimes sound hollow. They can range from soft to hard. Wind slabs that form over a persistent weak layer (surface hoar, depth hoar, or near-surface facets) may be termed Persistent Slabs or may develop into Persistent Slabs. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- #### Storm Slab Avalanche Storm Slab avalanches are the release of a cohesive slab of new snow that breaks within new snow or on the old snow surface. They typically last between a few hours and a few days (following snowfall). Storm-slabs that form over a persistent weak layer (surface hoar, depth hoar, or near-surface facets) may be termed Persistent Slabs or may develop into Persistent Slabs. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- #### Persistent Slab Avalanche Persistent Slab avalanches are the release of a slab in the middle to upper snowpack when the bond to an underlying persistent weak layer breaks. Common persistent layers include surface hoar, depth hoar, near-surface facets, or faceted snow. These layers can continue to produce avalanches for days, weeks or even months, making them especially dangerous and tricky. As additional snow and wind events build a thicker slab on top of the persistent weak layer, this avalanche problem may develop into a Deep Persistent Slab. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- #### Deep Persistent Slab Avalanche Deep Persistent Slab avalanches are the release of a thick hard slab when the bond breaks between the slab and an underlying persistent weak layer deep in the snowpack. The most common persistent weak layers involved in deep, persistent slabs are depth hoar or facets surrounding a deeply buried crust. Deep Persistent Slabs are typically hard to trigger and are very destructive due to the large mass of snow involved. They can persist for months once developed and are often triggered from areas where the snow is shallow and weak. Deep Persistent Slabs are particularly difficult to forecast for and manage. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Avalanche-Problems-Deep-Slab-2.jpg) *Take Note*: The main difference between a persistent slab and deep persistent slab is depth. Deep Slabs break on a layer over a meter down in the snowpack. Because of the difficulty in triggering and larger consequence of a deep slab, they are broken out as separate problems. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- #### Wet Slab Avalanche Wet Slab avalanches are the release of a slab that is generally moist or wet. They occur when the flow of liquid water weakens the bond between the slab and the surface below. They often occur during prolonged warming events and/or rain-on-snow events. Wet Slabs can be very unpredictable and destructive. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- #### Glide Avalanche Glide Avalanches are the release of the entire snow cover as a result of gliding over the ground. They can be composed of wet, moist, or almost entirely dry snow. Typically, they occur in very specific paths, where the slope is steep enough and the ground surface is relatively smooth. They are often preceded by glide cracks (“the brown frown”). The time between the appearance of a glide crack and an avalanche can vary between seconds and months. Glide avalanches are unlikely to be triggered by a person, so they are nearly impossible to forecast. Consequently, they pose a hazard that is extremely difficult to manage. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- #### Cornice Fall Avalanche Cornice Fall is the release of an overhanging mass of snow. Cornices form as the wind moves snow over a sharp terrain feature (like a ridge) and deposits snow on the downwind (leeward) side. They range in size from small wind drifts of soft snow to large overhangs of hard snow that are 30 feet (10 meters) or taller, and can break off the terrain suddenly. Often, they pull back onto the ridge top and catch people by surprise even on the flat ground above the slope. Even small cornices can have enough mass to be destructive and deadly. Cornice Fall can entrain loose surface snow or trigger slab avalanches. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Avalanche-Problems-Cornice-Fall.jpg) [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Location Where avalanches can be found is broken out into three elevation bands: Below Tree Line, Near Treeline, or Above Treeline. From there, it can get more specific as Aspects (N-S-E-W) can also be conveyed. **Below Treeline** (BTL) is the elevation band of a mountain or range that is covered by forest. From its upper to lower limits, it often covers the greatest area and the greatest variation in snowpack conditions of any elevation band. These areas usually see less sun, wind, cold, and precipitation than higher elevation bands. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Avalanche-Problems-BTL.jpg) **Near Treeline** (NTL) elevation is characterized by sparse forest cover and is the transition between uniform forest cover below it and the alpine above it. These areas are distinct for sharing features of both alpine and below treeline elevations. Exposure to sun, wind, cold, and precipitation is generally less here than in the alpine but greater than below treeline. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Avalanche-Problems-NTL.jpg) **Above Treeline** (ATL) consists of wide expanses of open, exposed terrain with few or no trees. Where it exists, it is the highest elevation band of a mountain or range. Not all mountains have above treeline terrain, but it may be the dominant terrain in other mountains or ranges. This elevation is usually the most exposed to sun, wind, cold, and precipitation. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Avalanche-Problems-ATL.jpg) The lower extent of the alpine elevation band is highly variable. It transitions to the NTL elevation band where vegetation, especially trees, overcomes the more open and rocky terrain of the alpine. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Likelihood Likelihood is a description of the chance of encountering a particular Avalanche Problem. It combines the spatial distribution of the Problem and the sensitivity or ease of triggering an avalanche. The spatial distribution indicates how likely you are to encounter the Problem in the highlighted avalanche terrain. The sensitivity indicates how easy it is to trigger avalanches including both natural and human triggered avalanches. Likelihood is broken down into five categories with **Unlikely** at the bottom and **Almost Certain** at the top. In between is **Possible**, **Likely**, and **Very Likely**. Photo below by [Grant Gunderson](https://www.grantgunderson.com/). ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Avalanche-Problems-Grant-Gunderson.jpg) [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Size Size is based on the destructive potential of avalanches. **SMALL** avalanches are relatively harmless to people unless they push you into a terrain trap. **LARGE** avalanches could bury, injure or kill a person. **VERY LARGE** avalanches could bury cars, destroy a house, or break trees. **HISTORIC** avalanches are even more destructive, and nearing the maximum size the slope could produce. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### To Summarize… The video below does a good job of putting everything together into the bigger picture. Understanding the nuance of where these different avalanche problems live in terrain on any given day takes lots of practice. Take an [Avalanche Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/) to learn more about avalanches and how to avoid them. Want to learn more? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness **Tags:** aiare, Avalanche Education, Avalanche Problems, Backcountry Skiing, Riding --- ### [Strategic Shoveling for Avalanche Rescue](https://bakermountainguides.com/strategic-shoveling-for-avalanche-rescue/) **Published:** October 10, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ### Strategic Shoveling for Avalanche Rescue The average burial depth in an avalanche is around 1.3 meters, which equates to about 1-1.5 tons of snow to move in order to extricate someone from avalanche debris. That’s just on average, in reality, someone could be buried much deeper. How long can someone survive under the snow? On average, **if you get someone out in the first 15 minutes, they have a 92% chance of survival** as long as they are not dealing with any major trauma. After that… [the numbers](https://avalanche.state.co.us/accidents/statistics-and-reporting/) are bleak. Survival rates drop to 37% after 35 minutes. Over the years, From 1977-2000, the mean rescue time for recreationists (this includes beacon search) was **29 minutes**. From 2000-2006, with the increase in avalanche education and more refined strategic shoveling techniques, the mean rescue time for recreationists **decreased to 18 minutes**. [Research shows](https://backcountryaccess.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/EdgerlyAtkinsISSW06-Strategic-Shoveling.pdf) that the best way to decrease rescue times and overall mortality rates is to decrease the time spent in the shoveling phase, so let’s get into it. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Strategic-Shoveling-For-Avalanche-Rescue-Embed2-1.jpg) ### Strategic Shoveling Techniques #### Be Proactive I would be remiss to not remind you all that the best way to survive an avalanche is to be proactive and not get caught in one to begin with. Take an [Avalanche Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/) and get the education to avoid needing your shovel for anything but training weight. Then, since this post is geared towards just the shoveling aspect of a rescue, make sure that you understand [Single Burial Avalanche Rescue](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/single-burial-avalanche-rescue/) techniques and how to use your [Avalanche Beacon](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/avalanche-beacon-function-check/) and probe to pinpoint a buried person’s location. --- #### Shoveling 101: The ABCs Once you’ve pinpointed a buried individual with a probe strike, the ABC’s tell you where to start digging. **Airway**: Start digging downhill of the probe strike (and avoid standing on or above the probe) to preserve the airway of the buried individual. **Burial Depth**: The burial depth tells you how far downhill you need to be before digging in towards the probe. The general rule is 1.5x the burial depth found on your probe, but moving one step downhill for a 1 meter or less burial and 2 steps downhill for anything greater than 2 meters is easier to remember and just as effective. **Clearing Snow**: Ideally, you’ll clear snow downhill and to the sides by either chopping or paddling (depending on conditions) in order to create a platform 1-2 meters wide nearest your victim and 2 meters wide at the back like in the diagram below. This allows you to have space to provide first aid after excavating the victim. To achieve this platform efficiently, start by clearing snow to the sides. This keeps the downhill side from building up with a lot of snow — preserving it for snow removal later once the hole is deeper. Once the hole is deep enough that lifting snow up and over the sides is inefficient and tiring, paddle snow downhill and to the sides. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Strategic-Shoveling-For-Avalanche-Rescue-Embed1.jpg) --- #### Single Rescuer If you’re alone doing a rescue, that’s a huge bummer. This means you’re doing all the lifting (quite literally). Keep the ABCs in mind as you dig. Start downhill, and move snow downhill and to the sides as efficiently as possible. You’re still aiming to get the slightly angled platform above. --- #### Conveyor Belt With more rescuers, the more resources you have, but using those rescuers efficiently can be a challenge. A simple method to keep folks organized is the conveyor belt method. This works best with four or more rescuers. The video below demonstrates the method. **Take note:** partway through the video a fifth person shows up and violates the “A” of the ABCs by standing on top of the victim. Don’t do this. Below is another video of the conveyor belt method. This time with 10 rescuers. --- ### To Summarize… Time is against you in an avalanche rescue, so efficiency is key. In order to get more efficient at strategic shoveling takes practice that can’t come from reading about it. So take an [Avalanche Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/). There you will learn how to best practice rescue on your own so you can build good habits. Hopefully you’ll never have to perform an actual avalanche rescue, but prepare for the worst. Below is one more video from BCA that does a pretty good job of reviewing most these concepts. Stay safe out there! Want to learn more? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Tech Tips **Tags:** aiare, avalanche rescue, Baker Mountain Guides, Strategic Shoveling --- ### [Single Burial Avalanche Rescue](https://bakermountainguides.com/single-burial-avalanche-rescue/) **Published:** October 10, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ## Single Burial Avalanche Rescue Obviously, the best way to avoid a rescue is to avoid the avalanche all together. Take an [Avalanche Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/) to be proactive and learn how to avoid avalanches. That said, even the most trained professionals can still make mistakes, so everyone traveling in the backcountry should understand how to execute a rescue. At the least, you could help save someone else’s life. Below are the steps to follow if ever you need to perform an avalanche rescue of a single victim. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Embed2.jpg) --- ## Avalanche Rescue Checklist ### Step 1. (You’re number one). STOP! ASSESS SAFETY! ENSURE NO FURTHER HAZARD -Risk of second avalanche? -Hangfire? -Move to defined safe location --- ### Step 2. CHOOSE A LEADER -Delegate Tasks --- ### Step 3. HEAD COUNT -How many missing? ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Embed4.jpg) --- ### Step 4. CALL FOR HELP -Others nearby who can help? -(911) Location, nature of emergency, name, # in group, # missing --- ### Step 5. SWITCH ALL TRANCEIVERS TO SEARCH MODE -Check that no tranceivers are transmitting --- ### Step 6. DETERMINE WHERE TO SEARCH -Below point last seen -In line with visual clues -Areas of debris, especially terrain traps --- ### Step 7. SEARCH FOR VISUAL CLUES -Enter debris from side or toe of path -Search strips 40m apart (About 40 strides) ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Single-Searcher-1-2.jpg) ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Multiple-Searchers.jpg) --- ### Step 8. YELL TO OTHERS WHEN YOU FIND A CLUE OR RECEIVE A SIGNAL -Pull clue out of snow and lwave on snow surface -Put marker in the snow where you begin to follow signal -Call to other searchers not following signal to assemble probe and shovel --- ### Step 9. FOLLOW SIGNAL TO BURIAL AREA -Slow and precise as you approach 10m -Keep tranceivers near the snow surface during final approach (Crawling at 3m) -Around 5m, place a marker on the snow that points along the approach trajectory ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Signal-Search-1.jpg) --- ### Step 10. LOCATE BURIAL WITH TRANCEIVER AND PROBE -If possible, 2nd searcher PROBES LIKELY BURIAL AREA in front of tranciever searcher’s trajectory until closest signal located -Locate the closest transceiver signal by bracketing ahead/behind and to the sides, maintaining consistent transceiver orientation ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Embed.jpg) -Pinpoint using the probe, from the center of the closest signal outwards in a circular pattern -Probe strike = victim location. LEAVE PROBE IN PLACE! ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Probing-2.jpg) --- ### Step 11. SHOVEL FAST AND EFFECTIVELY -Start with a large step downhill and away from the probe, 2 or more steps if deep burial -Dig towards the probe; throw snow far away -CHANGE SHOVELERS OFTEN (if other available) -Careful shoveling as you reach your buried companion -Expose face immediately in order to get airway ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Shoveling.jpg) *Learn more about [Strategic Shoveling Techniques](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/strategic-shoveling-for-avalanche-rescue/).* --- ### Step 12. PATIENT CARE -Clear airway -Provide First Aid or CPR as required -Move to safe terrain ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Single-Burial-Avalanche-Rescue-Embed3-1.jpg) -Plan evacuation and follow up on call for help *Consider taking a [Wilderness First Aid](https://www.nols.edu/en/coursefinder/courses/wilderness-first-aid-WFA/) or [Wilderness First Responder](https://www.nols.edu/en/coursefinder/courses/wilderness-first-responder-WFR/) Course.* --- ### IF HELICOPTER COMES TO YOUR AID -Secure loose items so they do not blow away -When heli lands, wait for rescuer to come to you --- ### Summary It takes a lot of practice to get good at rescue and, even once mastered, is a perishable skill. Stay fresh on the most up to date practices and advances in the industry by taking an [Avalanche Rescue Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/avalanche-rescue/) at least every other year. Below is a great video put out by BCA that summarizes beacon searching well. Skip to 2:34 to get the most useful info. Want to learn more? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). --- **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Tech Tips **Tags:** aiare, Avalanche Beacons, avalanche rescue, Backcountry Skiing, Strategic Shoveling --- ### [Winter Backcountry Trail Etiquette](https://bakermountainguides.com/winter-backcountry-trail-etiquette/) **Published:** October 10, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ### The 10 Commandments of Winter Backcountry Trail Etiquette Say you’re going up an established skin track and a group of bandit snow-shoers are descending upon you like an unruly pack of cackling cayotes clutching White Claws. Who has the right of way? How can you engage with other backcountry users in a respectful way that benefits everyone? This guide provides travelers with 10 rules of backcountry trail etiquette in the winter so you can make respectful and responsible decisions. ### Skin Track vs Boot Pack > “1. Thou Shalt Not Walk in the Skin Track.” This is one of the most commonly broken rules in the backcountry during the winter. There’s not much more frustrating as a skier or splitboarder than having a beautifully sculpted skin track plunge stepped out by someone post-holing — especially in snowshoes. Yes, it’s easier to walk in the skin track than break your own trail, but the person that created the skin track worked hard to make that track and someone walking in it destroys that work. Instead, break your own trail! ### Putting In The Track > “2. Thou Shalt Not Create a Track That is Dangerous or Dumb.” Up tracks should be put in a place that is out of avalanche terrain. Exceptions to this being when you’re climbing a steep couloir or other objectives that you’ve hopefully evaluated carefully. For skiers and riders, don’t make the skin track too steep. Doing so forces those behind you to create their own track — eating up more of the precious pow you hope to ride. Also, the track should ideally not go up the gut of the down track, or run you plan to ski/ride. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Winter-Backcountry-Trail-Etiquette-Embed2-1.jpg) ### Use Established Trails > “3. Thou Shalt Use the Existing Track Unless it is Dangerous or Dumb.” It’s common and desirable for skiers and riders to utilize the same skin track multiple times in a day. If a skin track is destroyed by post-holing or folks riding over it, then the skiers and riders must create a new skin track. In crowded multi-use zones like the [Baker Backcountry](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-baker-backcountry-skiing/) going up to Artist Point, it’s common to see a dozen different tracks going across a slope. In a perfect world, there should be three tracks in areas like this: A skin track, an up-track for booting/snowshoes, and a down-track for booting/snowshoes. Use the existing track unless it conflicts with the two previous rules. ### Right of Way > “4. Thou Shalt Yield to Uphill Travelers.” Uphill has the right of way. Stand aside for those coming up the track so they don’t lose their momentum. Of course, some folks will decide to take a break and love to use folks coming down as an excuse to take a breather. Great, but make the assumption that folks want to keep walking up, step to the side, and communicate. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Winter-Backcountry-Trail-Etiquette-Embed.jpg) ### Be Nice > “5. Thou Shalt Play Well With Others.” An often overlooked part of [Leave No Trace](https://lnt.org/why/7-principles/) is: Respect Other Users. The backcountry is increasingly a crowded place in the winter. Snowmobiles, climbers, hikers, and backcountry skiers/riders might all be using the same terrain for different purposes. No one has more of a right to the land than anybody else. So be nice. If folks are breaking the above rules, don’t freak out on them, they likely just don’t know. Instead, take the time to ask them how their day is going, build a little rapport, then, if it feels right, educate them politely. ### Dogs In The Backcountry > “6. Thou Shalt Use a Leash” Unless you are in a designated leash off zone, keep your canine companion leashed at all times. You may love your dog, but don’t assume everyone does. In addition, any wildlife you’d encounter definitely won’t like your dog and the added stress it provides. ### Waste In The Backcountry > “7. Thou Shalt Pick Up Poop and Trash” No one likes coming across poop when they’re outside trying to get away from the poop in their everyday life. Pick it up, bag it, and pack it out if it’s yours or your canine companion. The same goes for garbage like candy wrappers. ### Trail Closures > “8. Thou Shalt Respect Trail Closures” If a trail or area is closed, respect the closure. In the winter, the Department of Transportation, ski patrol at ski areas, and mechanized backcountry skiing/riding operations routinely close areas for avalanche mitigation or put up barriers to keep you out of hazardous terrain. Don’t get caught in a slide because you ducked a rope. ### Wildlife > “9. Thou Shalt Not Feed The Wildlife” As cute as they are, and as cool as the picture would be, don’t feed the animals. Animals have their own survival methods in the winter evolved over thousands of years. They don’t need you to feed them your raisins, in fact, you might just be killing them by doing so. If animals learn that humans are a food source, they will abandon their normal foraging behaviors for the easier handouts humans provide. Once an animal is dependent on humans for food, they get increasingly aggressive towards humans. Respect wildlife by keeping your distance. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Winter-Backcountry-Trail-Etiquette-Embed3.jpg) ### Emergencies > “10. Thou Shalt Help In An Emergency” If you witness an avalanche or medical emergency in the backcountry, provide aid as long as it is safe for you to do so. If responding to an avalanche burial, this means paying attention to hang fire or parts of the slope that could still slide. Don’t become a victim yourself. Even if you don’t have a bunch of knowledge, offer to help and ask what you can do. --- Want to learn more? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) **Categories:** Climbing Ethics, Mountain Culture, Stewardship **Tags:** LNT, Riding, Skiing, touring, Trail etiquette --- ### [Backcountry Skiing First Aid Kits](https://bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-first-aid-kits/) **Published:** October 10, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ## Backcountry Skiing First Aid Kits Do you have the necessary tools to respond to an emergency in the backcountry? Do you have [the medical training](https://www.nols.edu/en/coursefinder/courses/wilderness-first-responder-WFR/)? [Avalanche Rescue](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/avalanche-rescue/) training? The more training I get and the more I know, the bigger my pack gets. Below is what I carry in my backcountry skiing first aid kit. Some items are essential items you should always carry in your kit, while others are situational, but always worth consideration. I’ve also included some items that are more rescue oriented than purely first aid. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-First-Aid-Kits-Embed.jpg) --- ### Blister/Burn Care The most common injuries while touring in my experience? Blisters and sunburns. The key to treating these injuries is prevention. I carry: – **Moleskin** – **Athletic Tape and PT Tape** – **Tincture of benzoin** (makes things sticky so they’ll stay) – **2nd Skin** – **Sun Screen** (Ginger Strength or 30 SPF+) --- ### Fractures and Dislocations Skiing and riding allows you to get going pretty fast on the downhill. Broken bones (wrists and legs most commonly) and dislocations (shoulders and fingers) can be quite painful and scary if severe enough. I carry: – **Pain Relief** (Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen taken together are [just as effective](https://www.goodrx.com/blog/is-it-safe-to-take-tylenol-acetaminophen-with-advil-or-motrin-ibuprofen/) as presecription pain killers and safer to take in most cases. 1000mg acetapminophen + 800mg IBU every 8 Hrs. – **Triangular bandage** – **SAM Splint** (Situational, I usually have other things like climbing skins and poles with me that can be used as a splint) – Stuff to stop bleeding in case of an open fracture (see below) – **Rescue shelter/bivy/sled** and **inflatable pad**(in case we need to wait for rescue or move to a safer location) ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-First-Aid-Kits-Embed1.jpg) --- ### Cardiovascular Whether you just take a fall, smack a tree or rock, or are caught in an avalanche, you’ll likely have some sort of trauma leading to bleeding. To plug those holes in the human container I carry: – **PPE** – Gloves and Mask (Non-latex gloves) – **Tournaquet** (For severe bleeds) – **Blood clot powder and gauze** (For severe bleeds) – **ABD Pads and standard gauze pads** – **Wound Closure Strips** (For deep wounds requiring stitches) – **Trauma Shears** or Knife (for exposing areas under clothing unable to be removed) – **Irrigation Syringe** (for cleaning of wounds) – **Various sizes of band aids** for the widdle boo boos --- ### Hypothermia Just being out in a winter environment warrants carrying equipment to keep warm, but, worst-case scenario, someone is caught in a large avalanche and buried in snow for a while or falls through a snow bridge into a crevasse. Once they get out, they’ll be cold if not hypothermic. I carry: – **Extra layers** – Large gloves and puffy coat – **Rescue shelter/bivy** and inflatable pad (Get someone off the snow and out of the elements) – **Stove and sleeping bag** (For overnight expeditions I’ll have these items and have them in the squad as rescue gear) ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-First-Aid-Kits-Embed2.jpg) --- ### Drugs As my father always says… “find your drug and find your dose.” Here are the essential drugs I’ve found helpful: – **Tylenol and Acetaminophen** (Pain Relief) – **Aspirin** (Pain/Swelling) – **Benedryl/Antihistamines** (Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis) – **Diamox** (For expeditions at high altitudes) – **Anti diarrheals** (When you don’t want to poop anymore) --- ## Building Your Backcountry Skiing First Aid Kit Luckily for you, there are already a lot of great kits out there to choose from that are a lot more affordable than trying to entirely put together your own kit. Instead, I recommend getting a kit like those sold by [Adventure Medical Kits](https://www.adventuremedicalkits.com/medical-kits/ultralight-watertight.html) that are ultra-light and waterproof and then supplement as needed. Lastly, it’s important to remember that a first aid kit is only one part of your emergency gear/rescue kit. You should be well acquainted with [Avalanche Rescue](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/single-burial-avalanche-rescue/) as well as how to administer first aid as a first responder to an incident. Get the gear, get the training, and then stay current on best practices. You’ll hopefully never need to use your knowledge or rescue kit, but, if 2020 is any indication… prepare for the worst. Shred safe friends. Want to learn more? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Tech Tips **Tags:** avalanche, Backcountry Skiing, first aid kits, medical, Riding, WFR --- ### [Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/backcountryskiing-courses/) **Published:** October 5, 2020 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** ## Backcountry Skiing Courses and Ski Mountaineering Courses > A pair of skis are the ultimate transportation to freedom. *~ Warren Miller* ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Overview.jpg) The popularity of backcountry skiing and snowboarding has exploded in recent years. [Crowded ski areas](https://www.outsideonline.com/2408164/crowded-ski-hills-fix-crystal-mountain-traffic-jam#close) and costly passes are pushing people out of bounds. The backcountry provides a sense of adventure and freedom that cannot be achieved by riding a lift. However, backcountry touring involves much more than simply skiing and riding. Avalanche education is a common starting point, but it is not the complete package. We have found that new backcountry skiers and snowboarders often underestimate the challenges of backcountry touring. While most people don’t ultimately kill themselves, they often wind up sweaty, frustrated, and sometimes lost. Suffice it to say that more than one backcountry novice has spent an unplanned night in the mountains. Which is why we, at [Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/), believe in the value of backcountry skiing and snowboarding education. The purpose of this post is to provide a summary of Baker Mountain Guides backcountry skiing and snowboarding curriculum so that you can make an informed decision regarding your backcountry education. Additionally, we’ll review the venues that we use for different elements of our curriculum, as well as regional weather and snowpack trends. **[Backcountry Courses](#CoursesAnchor) | [Backcountry Venues](#VenueAnchor) | [Weather and Snowpack](#WeatherSnowAnchor)** --- ## BACKCOUNTRY COURSES The learning curve is steep and the consequences grave, but fear not, fellow travelers. Our backcountry skiing courses and ski mountaineering courses are specifically designed with the recreational backcountry traveler in mind. **No matter your goal, there’s a course for your specific needs.** Our well-scaffolded curriculum paired with the rugged beauty and record snowfalls of Mount Baker, the Twin Sisters, and the North Cascades makes for an unforgettable learning experience. All of our backcountry skiing courses and ski mountaineering courses are broken up into either Tech Courses or Pro Courses. [**Tech Courses**](#TechAnchor) are designed to provide specific technical knowledge in a short course format. [**Pro Courses**](#ProAnchor), on the other hand, are for recreational backcountry skiers and snowboarders wanting to tour at the same level as ski and avalanche professionals. Pro Courses offer the chance for student-led objectives and mentorship while tech courses are led by instructors who demonstrate skills and allow time for practice. **Below are our five available backcountry skiing courses and ski mountaineering courses**. ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Flowchart.jpg) --- ## TECH COURSES ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Tech-Courses.jpg) Baker Mountain Guides backcountry tech courses are designed for those seeking a concise and affordable approach to learning technical backcountry skiing and riding skills. From introductory skinning techniques to rappelling into couloirs, our tech series has you covered. Our three Tech Courses are: [Intro to Backcountry Skiing Course](#IntroAnchor) | [Steep Ski Mountaineering Course](#SteepAnchor) | [Glaciated Ski Mountaineering Course](#GlaciatedAnchor) --- ### INTRO TO BACKCOUNTRY SKIING COURSE ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Intro-to-Backcountry-Skiing-Course.jpg) **Required Skiing & Riding Ability:** Intermediate **Duration:** 1 Day **Cost:** $200 Baker Mountain Guides [Intro to Backcountry Skiing Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/intro-to-backcountry-skiing-course/) is designed for competent skiers and snowboarders wanting a crash course in backcountry travel. The backcountry is **NOT** an ideal place to learn how to ski or ride, so we require that participants have intermediate to advanced downhill sliding abilities. As ski guides, we understand that the goal of backcountry touring is to ski and ride great terrain in great snow, so we have built the Intro to Backcountry Skiing Course around making turns. Instructors will assist students in the use of any new equipment, introduce common travel and efficiency techniques, and provide a running dialog of their decision-making process. Avalanche awareness and rescue will be sprinkled throughout the curriculum. [Back to Tech Courses](#TechAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### STEEP SKI MOUNTAINEERING COURSE ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Steep-Ski-Mountaineering-Course.jpg) **Required Skiing & Riding Ability:** Advanced **Duration:** 3 Days **Cost:** $700 Baker Mountain Guides [Steep Ski Mountaineering Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/steep-ski-mountaineering-course/) seeks to equip experienced backcountry skiers and snowboarders with high-angle ropework skills that can be employed to minimize the likelihood of falling when accessing steep terrain. Students will learn techniques such as ski lowers, ski rappels, and belayed skiing and riding. Although the Steep Ski Mountaineering Course includes steep skiing and riding objectives, the curriculum does not cover decision making in avalanche terrain. If you are wanting to develop your skills as a leader in steep, backcountry terrain, check out our Ski Mountaineering Pro Course . [Back to Tech Courses](#TechAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### GLACIATED SKI MOUNTAINEERING COURSE ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Glaciated-Ski-Mountaineering-Course.jpg) **Required Skiing & Riding Ability:** Advanced **Duration:** 4 Days **Cost:** $1000 Skiing and riding glaciated terrain presents objective hazards in the form of crevasses. To mitigate crevasse hazard you must 1) know how to not fall in a crevasse and 2) know how to get yourself out if you do. Baker Mountain Guides [Glaciated Ski Mountaineering Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/glaciated-ski-mountaineering-course/) is designed to equip students with both skill sets. Additionally, skiers and snowboarders utilize the rope differently than climbers and the curriculum is customized to address these differences. The course concludes with a ski descent of Mount Baker proper. [Back to Tech Courses](#TechAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ## PRO COURSES Pro Courses are designed for recreational skiers and snowboarders wanting to develop their leadership skills and operate at a professional level. The only certifying body in the United States for professional Mountain Guides is the [American Mountain Guides Association](https://amga.com/) (AMGA). If you’re looking to become a ski guide, our courses can definitely help you gain the knowledge to get better at your craft, but you won’t come away with a certification. If certification is not your goal, just the professional level of knowledge, our courses offer a similar curriculum as these industry professional-level courses but tailored specifically to you, the recreationist. Advanced skiing and riding ability, as well as [AIARE Level 1 avalanche training](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/), are pre-requisites for our two Pro Courses: [Backcountry Skiing Pro Course](#BCPROAnchor) | [Ski Mountaineering Pro Course](#SKIMOPROAnchor) --- ### BACKCOUNTRY SKIING PRO COURSE ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Backcountry-Skiing-Pro-Course.jpg) **Pre-requisites:** - Advanced skiing or riding ability - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course **Duration:** 4 Days **Cost:** $800 If you’re just getting into backcountry skiing, the common progression is: take a level-one avalanche course and then you’re set loose to gain experience and “figure it out” while hopefully not dying in the process. To fill this void, we developed the [Backcountry Skiing Pro Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/backcountry-skiing-pro-course/). The idea behind the Backcountry Skiing Pro Course is to teach strong skiers and snowboarders how ski guides successfully plan and execute backcountry tours in unfamiliar terrain. Students learn how to research terrain options as well as weather, snowpack, and avalanche conditions so that they can perform professional-level hazard assessment. The field curriculum focuses on strategies for maximizing efficiency and margins of safety so that you can go big **AND** go home at the end of the day. [Back to Pro Courses](#ProAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### SKI MOUNTAINEERING PRO COURSE ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Ski-Mountaineering-Pro-Course.jpg) **Pre-requisites:** - Advanced skiing or riding ability - AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course - Backcountry touring and avalanche hazard assessment experience **Duration:** 6 Days **Cost:** $1500 Ski mountaineering essentially requires cross-disciplinary proficiency in backcountry touring and technical climbing. Many people are strong and experienced backcountry skiers and snowboarders, and many people are strong and experienced climbers, but few people are both. Baker Mountain Guides [Ski Mountaineering Pro Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/ski-mountaineering-pro-course/) is designed for experienced backcountry skiers and snowboarders who want to ski off of summits. The curriculum focuses almost entirely on ropework and movement skills for traveling through technical terrain, be it steep or glaciated. Winter camping techniques are covered as well since many ski mountaineering objectives require multiple days. The Ski Mountaineering Pro Course challenges students to research terrain and conditions, evaluate hazards, and make decisions regarding what to ski/ride and why. Instructors provide mentorship throughout the process, with the goal of developing our students into both leaders and peers. [Back to Pro Courses](#ProAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ## BACKCOUNTRY VENUES Baker Mountain Guides backcountry ski courses and ski mountaineering courses are built around a number of exceptional venues that provide a diversity of terrain options. In fact, we’re confident that we offer the absolute best terrain for learning how to backcountry ski and snowboard. Nowhere else in the county will you find better access to traditional backcountry touring, steep ski mountaineering, and heavily glaciated, big mountains. Anything that you could possibly do on a pair of skis or snowboard, you can do with Baker Mountain Guides. [Mount Baker Backcountry](#BakerBCAnchor) | [Twin Sisters Backcountry](#TwinSistersBCAnchor) | [Mount Baker Proper](#MountBakerProperAnchor) | [Snowmobile Access](#SnowmobileAnchor) --- ### MOUNT BAKER BACKCOUNTY ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Venue-Mount-Baker-Backcountry.jpg) **Drive time from Bellingham:** 80 minutes one-way **Elevation:** 4200 ft. – 6000 ft. The [Mount Baker Backcountry ◙](https://earth.google.com/web/@48.8536981,-121.69854541,1317.05904955a,2730.29246436d,35y,-121.04642085h,60.00099699t,0r/data=CjkaNxIxCiUweDU0ODRmOTNjMTgzZDkxMDc6MHhlNmUzZDk5MDIxOTcwNjFjKghNdCBCYWtlchgBIAE) refers to terrain adjacent to the [Mt. Baker Ski Area](https://www.mtbaker.us/). The two main zones are the Shuksan Arm and Bagley Basin. The Shuksan Arm is accessed through the ski area via Chair 8 and does not require touring equipment. Consequently, it’s heavily used by ski area patrons. However, the backcountry in Bagley Basin can be easily accessed from the car and does not require a lift ticket. Bagley Basin and the extended backcountry offer phenomenal, non-glaciated backcountry terrain for intermediate to advanced skiers and snowboarders. The terrain is mostly near and above treeline and characterized by many smaller mountains with complex valley systems in between. Last but not least, the Mount Baker Backcountry holds the [world snowfall record](http://www.athropolis.com/arctic-facts/fact-baker.htm#:~:text=The%20world%20record%20for%20the,for%20the%201998%2D99%20season.) of 95 feet during the 1998-1999 season. Baker Mountain Guides utilizes the Mount Baker Backcountry on all of our backcountry ski courses and ski mountaineering courses. The Mount Baker Backcountry is a great training ground for foundational skills in backcountry touring and technical ropework. And, of course, the skiing and riding are pretty good too. [Back to Venues](#VenueAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### TWIN SISTERS BACKCOUNTRY ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Venue-Twin-Sisters-Backcountry.jpg) **Drive time from Bellingham:** 50 minutes one-way **Elevation:** 4100 ft. – 6800 ft. The [Twin Sisters Range ◙](https://earth.google.com/web/@48.71681307,-122.00323457,1713.14042905a,2343.17500807d,35y,129.97238143h,59.9998468t,360r) is a subrange of the Cascades, located between Mount Baker proper and the Pacific Ocean. The terrain is mostly non-glaciated and is characterized by craggy peaks, couloirs, alpine faces, bowls, and glades. We like to think of the Twin Sisters as being like a miniature Grand Tetons. Objectives include excellent ski mountaineering on clear days and tree skiing on storm days. Access to the Twin Sisters is via privately owned and gated timber roads. Baker Mountain Guides agreement with the timber company grants us commercial access as well as the ability to operate snowmobiles on the roads. Baker Mountain Guides uses the Twin Sisters for ski mountaineering curriculum on our Steep Ski Mountaineering Course as well as our Ski Mountaineering Pro Course. The Twin Sisters allow for easy access to steep terrain that is excellent for the instruction of technical ropework skills as well as steep skiing and riding movement techniques. [Back to Venues](#VenueAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### MOUNT BAKER PROPER ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Venue-Mount-Baker-Proper.jpg) **Drive time from Bellingham:** 60 minutes one-way **Elevation:** 3,600 ft. – 10781 ft. [Mount Baker ◙](https://earth.google.com/web/@48.78560184,-121.83501401,2305.20425758a,6356.5037213d,35y,109.48229956h,60.00252071t,360r/data=CjkaNxIxCiUweDU0ODRmOTNjMTgzZDkxMDc6MHhlNmUzZDk5MDIxOTcwNjFjKghNdCBCYWtlchgBIAE) is one of the most heavily glaciated mountains in the contiguous US, second only to Mount Rainier. Unlike Mount Rainier, public land management allows for guided ski and snowboard descents from the summit, which makes Mount Baker the best glaciated backcountry skiing and snowboarding classroom in the country. Mount Baker’s topography allows for ski and snowboard descents of all aspects. The upper mountain is characterized by 30° – 50° headwalls that are generally crevasse free. Mid-mountain terrain offers moderate glacial runouts through and around icefalls and crevasse fields. Forest Service roads are not maintained during the winter, so access requires the use of snowmobiles. Baker Mountain Guides uses Mount Baker proper for ski mountaineering curriculum on our Glaciated Ski Mountaineering Course as well as our Ski Mountaineering Pro Course. Glaciated terrain allows for crevasse rescue instruction, the application of glaciated route-finding skills, and the reward of skiing and riding a big mountain. [Back to Venues](#VenueAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Snowmobile Access ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Snowmobile-Access-1-1.jpg) At Baker Mountain Guides, we’re all about earning our turns. We believe that terrain worth skiing or riding should be terrain climbed. That being said, snowmobiles come in pretty handy for getting into venues that would otherwise be inaccessible. The Mount Baker Backcountry is accessed via WA State Highway 542, which is maintained all winter long by WashDOT. However, the Twin Sister and Mount Baker proper are accessed via unmaintained timber roads, which require a snowmobile shuttle. Snowmobiles provide Baker Mountain Guides with a competitive advantage by dramatically decreasing the amount of time and effort required to get into terrain. Consequently, we can deliver ski mountaineering curriculum in fewer days than our competition. This saves you money on instructional fees and miles on your legs. And you get to ride on a snowmobile. How great is that? [Back to Venues](#VenueAnchor) | [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ## WEATHER AND SNOWPACK Mount Baker and the surrounding region receive an immense amount of snow. During the winter of 1998-1999, the [snow telemetry station](https://www.nwac.us/weatherdata/mtbakerskiarea/now/) located near the Mt. Baker Ski Area recorded world-record-setting snowfall of 1140 inches (95 feet). Snowfall in the Cascades is primarily driven by [mountain orographics](https://opensnow.com/news/post/mountain-orographics-explained). Mount Baker proper is located at the head of the [Straight of Juan de Fuca ◙](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Strait+of+Juan+de+Fuca/@48.2960288,-124.8281938,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x548f1c17aa46c8b7:0xb14a20223440b0c8!8m2!3d48.2579224!4d-123.3605481) and is the closest Cascadian volcano to tidewater. The Pacific Ocean provides endless amounts of moisture, which is forced up and over the Cascades by the winter jet stream. As the warm air rises, it cools, moisture condenses, and snow falls over the mountains. Additionally, the topography of the Mount Baker region forces incoming storms to converge upon themselves. Blizzards literally crash into each other over the Mount Baker Backcountry. ![Backcountry Skiing Courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Backcountry-Skiing-Courses-Snowfall-Record.jpg) Warm air can hold more moisture, and in general, Mount Baker has a warm temperature regime. Most of our snow falls between 28° and 32° F. Temperatures in the single digits and teens are considered to be exceptionally cold. Rain can occur at any point during the winter, but the Mount Baker Backcountry also receives plenty of low-density snow at temperatures in the mid to low 20’s. Consequently, Mount Baker has what is known as a “Maritime Snow Climate.” Heavy snowfall, a warm temperature regime, and a deep snowpack facilitate rounding processes. Rounding creates small snow grains that pack together tightly and bond well to each other, which forms a relatively stable snowpack. With a stable, mid-winter snowpack, we are often able to ski and ride more aggressive terrain than would be possible in other parts of the country. If this is the first time that you have seen the terms “Orographics,” “Maritime Snowpack,” “Temperature Regime,” and “Rounding” then we would encourage you to consider adding [avalanche training](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/#avalanche) to your backcountry skiing and snowboarding education. --- Feel free to [reach out to us](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/contact/) if you’re interested in these courses and find out why we’re so excited about them. Shred safe our friends. Want to learn more about backcountry skiing or riding? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Mountain Training **Tags:** Avalanche Education, Backcountry Skiing, Challenging Terrain, Complex Terrain, Glaciated Terrain, navigation, Tour Planning --- ### [Backcountry Skiing Skinning Techniques](https://bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-skinning-techniques/) **Published:** July 15, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ## Backcountry Skiing Skinning Techniques Backcountry skiing is much more enjoyable once you understand how the equipment works and the skinning techniques that maximize your gear’s potential. This post walks you through some general skinning techniques, uphill techniques, and transitions. ## General Techniques ### Baby Steps Unless you’re traveling on relatively flat terrain where you can get good glide, taking small steps will be much more efficient and easier on your body. Melanie Bernier explains in the video below. --- ### Stand up Straight As much as possible, try to stand up straight as you skin — especially on the uphill. If your weight gets too far forward, you’re more likely to slide out and fall backwards. --- ### Risers When to use risers is a hot topic. In general, risers have pros and cons that should at least be understood so you can hopefully use them when appropriate. IFMGA Mountain Guide Margaret Wheeler explains in the video below. --- ## Uphill Techniques ### Rounded and AVA Turns As much as possible, try to use **rounded** and **AVA turns** while skinning rather than kick turns. If done correctly, they shouldn’t take much effort and allow you to keep your cadence going without having to break stride. In the video below, IFMGA Mountain Guides Jeff Ward and Margaret Wheeler explain both turns. --- ### Kick Turns Probably one of the most dreaded turns for folks just starting out is the kick turn. These are turns on slopes too steep to use the rounded or AVA turns. There are three types of commonly used kick turns: **Tail Jab Kick Turn**, **Pole Basket Grab**, and **Windshield Wiper**. By mastering the kick turn, you’ll avoid the all too common “V of Doom” and “Tip Dive.” In the video below, Margaret Wheeler demonstrates all three types of kick turns and offers some guidance for how to avoid the “V of Doom” and “Tip Dive.” --- ### Firm Conditions and Improving the Skin Track In firm conditions, it’s important to engage as much of the skins as possible. Folks have a tendency to lean into the slope when side-hilling. This puts you on your edges and makes it much more likely that you slide out. Instead, **roll your ankles downhill to engage more of the skin**. Though counter-intuitive, it works like a charm. If you’re in really firm conditions and this technique isn’t working, consider ski crampons. --- ### Ski Crampons When conditions are so firm that no amount of good skinning technique can get you purchase, ski crampons can be applied to give you that purchase. --- ## Transitions ### Up to Down #### Keep Heat In Though you may be warm, now that you’ve stopped, zip up coats and put on another layer to keep that warmth in. #### Lock Down Your Boots Tighten things up for the downhill. Remember to go out of walk mode if you have AT boots. #### Rip Skins As a skier, learn to remove your skins without having to get out of your skis. This is much more efficient time-wise and also negates the need to worry about some of the troubleshooting and considerations below that occur when you remove your skis. Fold skins glue-to-glue and put them in your bag or, if temps are cold and you’re worried about the glue freezing, put them in your jacket. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Backcountry-Skiing-Skinning-Techniques-Transitions.jpg) --- ### Down to Up #### Remove Layers Now that you’re going back up, prepare to get hot again. Take your helmet off and skin in a hat. Put on sunglasses rather than goggles to keep them from fogging up. Also, before totally stripping down, make sure you grab a bite to eat and drink! #### Loosen Boots Loosen your straps for uphill and remember to go back into walk mode. #### Re-apply Skins Make sure there is no snow or ice on the skins before you put them back on. If there is snow/ice, run the glue side along the edge of the ski to scrape it off. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Backcountry-Skiing-Skinning-Techniques-Transitions2.jpg) --- ### Troubleshooting and Considerations #### Snow/Ice in Tech Boots If you step out of your skis to transition, you may get snow/ice built up in the holes where your pins go on the toe of your boots. By stepping back into the binding and moving your foot up and down a few times, the snow should clear. #### Snow/Ice in Binding It’s common for snow to build up underneath the springs on your binding toe pieces, make sure to clear this out by clicking the toe piece up and down multiple times or until clear. If you don’t, you might pre-release from the ski. Below is a fantastic video by Jeff Ward that summarizes transitions well. --- ### Next Steps Getting good at these skills takes time, so go out and practice! If you want more hands on mentorship, our one day [Intro to Backcountry Skiing Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/intro-to-backcountry/) is a great way to get affiliated with your gear and get feedback on your technique. You can also learn more online. Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/) for all things backcountry skiing and more content like this. **Categories:** Tech Tips **Tags:** Backcountry Skiing, kick turns, risers, ski crampons, Skinning Techniques, transitions --- ### [Repair Kits for Backcountry Skiing](https://bakermountainguides.com/repair-kits-for-backcountry-skiing-and-riding/) **Published:** July 7, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ### Repair Kits for Backcountry Skiing and Riding Let’s layout a little scenario. You’re out for a long day tour in perfect pow conditions. To get away from the crowds, you push out pretty far into terrain and drop into a different drainage than the car is parked. On your run down, you take a tumble and rip out your toe piece. Without a repair kit, what are your options? How long will it take you to crawl out? Is that even possible? People have died this way. The way to avoid (at the least) a very frustrating and slow evacuation out of the field is to invest in a quality repair kit that can fix most problems. If you put together your own kit, you’ll be surprised how modest a financial investment it is. There are some quality repair kits pre-built out there now by [**Traverse Equipment**](https://www.traverseequipment.com/) for $90 if you want to go that route. Below is a breakdown of the [everyday essentials](#EssentialsAnchor) you should always have, [other items to consider](#ConsiderAnchor) bringing and [multi-day specific](#MultiAnchor) items. ### The Everyday Essentials Depending on how long of a backcountry tour you plan to go on, your repair kit should adapt accordingly. Are you going out overnight or for multiple nights? Your kit will be much more inclusive than for just a short day tour near a ski area. No matter how long your tour, here are some essential items to always have with you. #### Spare Batteries Most avalanche beacons and headlamps take triple A. Bring three of them. *Pro Tip: Wrap a piece of tape around the three batteries to keep them together so you’re not fishing around for three individual batteries.* ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Repair-Kits-for-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Embed1-2.jpg) #### Knife Sometimes you’ll just need to cut something. Worst case is an emergency where someone has major trauma and you need to expose something buried beneath a lot of different layers. You might need to cut some clothing off. More likely, you’ll need the knife for cutting that spare p-cord to the appropriate length or your block of cheese. Regardless, carry one. #### Multi-Tool With Pliers This multi-tool could also be your knife as long as it’s actually a good one. Pliers are great for grabbing metal parts, which will be quite cold out there in the snow. It should also have some different bits (Phillips and straight at a minimum) so you can tighten loose screws on boots or bindings. Bonus is wire cutting capabilities. *Pro Tip: Keep this in an accessible pocket rather than in your repair kit. You don’t always have to have all items of your repair kit inside the same bag.* #### Ski Straps So many applications. I carry three at all times. Break a buckle or tensioning strap on your boot? Ski Strap. Skins falling off your skis or lose a tail clip? Ski Strap. *Pro Tip: Store two rolled up in your repair kit and keep one accessible either rolled on your ski pole or in a pocket that is easily accessible.* ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Repair-Kits-for-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Embed2-1.jpg) #### Spare Screws These should be specific to your boots or bindings. If the screw that holds your walk-ride lock falls out, have fun riding downhill in a sloppy boot. *Pro Tip: If you are a splitboarder, make sure the screws on your binding are tight before each run. Most splitboard bindings have a lot of moving parts, which leads to screws and straps loosening throughout the day. Avoid having to use your spare screws by tightening them proactively!* #### Extra Powder Basket Poles are useless in snow without powder baskets. Just carry a spare in case you lose one. #### Extra Climbing Skin Tail Clip You can use a ski strap to keep a climbing skin on a board, but these tend to get scraped off as you walk and can be annoying since they affect glide. It’s way better to just have a spare clip. #### Scraper Snow adhering to your climbing skins? Scrape it off. Snow or ice building up on the bottoms or tops of your boards? Scraper. Can’t get your binding to lock in the right place because there’s too much snow? Scrape it! [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Other Items to Consider #### Pole Repair If you take a tumble and snap a ski pole, it’s nice to be able to repair the pole to at least make it usable to get out. With two small hose clamps you can simply clamp the broken pieces together with a little overlap. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Repair-Kits-for-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Embed3-1.jpg) #### Tape Duct Tape is classic, but leaves behind a nasty residue once removed and doesn’t adhere to all fabric types. I recommend [Tenacious Tape](https://www.gearaid.com/collections/tenacious-tape) from Gear Aid. I’ve had clothing patches survive multiple years going through the wash. Strong stuff from an awesome local company. #### Paracord Multi-Use similar to ski-straps, but smaller, lighter, and can be cut to any length. *Pro Tip: cauterize the cut end with a lighter to keep it from unraveling!* #### Lighter For cauterizing that paracord you just cut, lighting your stove, or creating that fire in a survival scenario. #### Binding Buddy Lots of manufacturers sell cheap but effective [multi-tools](https://www.blackdiamondequipment.com/en_US/ski-bindings/binding-buddy-multi-tool-BD1635000000ALL1.html) that get most jobs done if you’re not wanting to drop for a nicer multi-tool just yet. #### Glop Stopper Wax Definitely a nice item to carry in the springtime anywhere, but year-round if you ride in a warmer/wetter climate like the Pacific Northwest. [Glop Stopper Wax](https://www.blackdiamondequipment.com/en_US/glop-stopper-wax-BD1635150000ALL1.html) keeps snow from adhering to the bottoms of your climbing skins. If you’ve ever been out after a fresh dump of snow and then had that snow become sticky risers under your feet, you know the humongous pain that is. It can immobilize you. *Pro Tip: apply it before you actually need it. Once your skins get wet and already have snow sticking to them, it’s tough to retroactively put on the wax. Pay attention to changing conditions and apply glop stopper proactively.* #### Large Hose Clamp If you rip out a toe piece on a binding, a large enough hose clamp can fit over the ski and boot to clamp the boot to the ski like a big, dumb snowshoe. This only works, however, if the ski boot has a buckle near the toe to keep the clamp from sliding off the boot as you walk. #### Baling Wire Lightweight multi-use material just like paracord except you don’t need a lighter. You do, however, need wire cutters in your multi-tool if you’re going to bring it. #### Storage Bag for Kit Have a nice compact bag that’s just large enough to accommodate your repair kit items. Preferably this bag is waterproof to keep your metal bits from rusting. Ensuring that you pull out and dry out any items that get wet will protect from rust as well. *Pro Tip: Use a Dynafit Ski Crampon Bag for your repair kit. The clear plastic side is great for visually spotting where the item you need resides. Plus, it’s durable.* ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Repair-Kits-for-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Embed5-2.jpg) [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- ### Multi-Day Specific #### Spare Headlamp Having a headlamp die can shut down your aspirations for that awesome line you hiked so far into the backcountry to ride. It’s also one of those emergency items that you should always have on you in case your day is way longer than you expected. #### Stove Parts If you’re going out for a multi-day trip, you’ll likely have a stove. Don’t forget to carry spare “o” rings and other items that are stove specific so you can repair whatever issue your stove has in the field. Often melting snow is how you’ll get water in the winter and not having a working stove can be a big safety concern. #### Sewing Kit For three day+ trips (like a traverse) consider bringing a [sewing kit](https://www.gearaid.com/products/sewing-kit) to be able to more permanently repair gear rather than the slap and play of tape. #### Zipper Repair Kit Blowing a zipper on a key piece of clothing or, if you’re using a tent, your shelter door is a huge bummer. Rather than poking holes in your items with safety pins to keep them shut, consider bringing a [zipper repair kit](https://www.gearaid.com/products/repair-zipper-slider-kit) to fix the issue. #### Ripped Toe Piece Repair On longer multi-day trips a long way from home, it’s nice to know that you can secure back on your toe piece if it completely rips out. Ski straps, baling wire, paracord, and your big hose clamps will do in the short term but require constant management and adjustment. This is a way to reattach your toe piece permanently in order to get out of the field. Take Note: This will destroy your ski, but it’s probably destroyed anyway. You’ll need: Socket wrench with Phillips bit and 1/8″ drill bit. 3-4 bolts 1/4″ or smaller that fit through the screw attachment points on your binding toe piece. 3-4 lock nuts and washers that match the size of your bolts. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Repair-Kits-for-Backcountry-Skiing-and-Riding-Embed4-1.jpg) Using the socket wrench and drill bit, drill completely through the ski using the holes where your binding toe piece ripped out. Widen the holes if necessary in order to accommodate your bolts. Pound the lock nuts into the bottom of your ski. With a washer on the bolts, screw them through the toe piece and into the lock nuts on the other side of the ski. You’ll likely only need three bolts even if you have four screws in your binding. They won’t be coming out. Cut off or repeatedly bend the excess bolts with pliers in order to break them off flush with the bottom of your ski. You’re back in business. ### Final Thoughts What you carry in your repair kit should be specific for you and your squad, but should contain at the very least the essentials above. Remember that not everyone in your team needs a full repair kit if you coordinate well, but make it a part of the group gear you always bring. Like what you learned here? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/) to get more quality educational content. [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) **Categories:** Tech Tips **Tags:** Backcountry Skiing, Baker Mountain Guides, Repair Kit, Riding --- ### [Avalanche Beacon Function Check](https://bakermountainguides.com/avalanche-beacon-function-check/) **Published:** June 28, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ### How To Do An Avalanche Beacon Function Check When going out backcountry skiing or riding, one should always do an avalanche beacon function check to ensure everyone is searchable and able to search. Below is a great video created by three IFMGA Guides on how to do a simple and concise avalanche beacon function check. ### 3 Part Check #### 1. Battery and Display Margaret has Mark and Jeff turn on their avalanche beacons, check their displays for any cracks or malfunctions, and then verbally read out their battery percentage. #### 2. Search Function Margaret has Mark and Jeff switch their beacons to **Search** mode (while she stays in **Send**) and take a step or two back. Then she has them read out their numbers on the digital display to ensure that their numbers go down as she moves her beacon closer. #### 3. Send Function (Transmit) Jeff and Mark switch back to **Send** and stow their beacons appropriately (in the provided harness and below a layer or in a pocket) and at least 30cm (1 foot) away from any other electronic devices like a cell phone. Then she switches to **Search** and confirms that she can get their individual signals. Margaret then goes back to **Send** mode and stows her beacon appropriately. “*End in Send*.” --- ### DBEST Function Check If you’re an acronym person you can use **DBEST** in order to remember all the parts of a beacon function check. **D**isplay – is not cracked and working appropriately. **B**attery – is at least over 50% or per manufacturers recommendation. **E**lectronics – are at least 30cm away in Send mode and 50cm away in Search **S**earch – Everyone is able to find a signal transmitting at the international standard of 457kHz. **T**ransmit – Everyone is producing a signal at 457kHz. --- ### Do It Every Time There you have it. Just make sure you do this before you leave the parking lot or TH so you can troubleshoot any issues before you’re in the backcountry. Curious about how to actually use your beacon to perform an avalanche rescue? Check out our blog on [Single Burial Avalanche Rescue](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/single-burial-avalanche-rescue/). Taking an [Avalanche Rescue](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/avalanche-rescue/) or [AIARE Level 1 Course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/) are great ways to get hands-on knowledge and mentorship from professionals. Want to learn more online? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Tech Tips **Tags:** aiare, Avalanche Beacons, Avalanche Transceivers, Backcountry Skiing, Riding --- ### [Travel Techniques for Backcountry Skiers](https://bakermountainguides.com/travel-techniques-for-backcountry-skiers/) **Published:** June 27, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ### Travel Techniques for Backcountry Skiers and Riders In the backcountry, as a skier or rider, it is of utmost importance that you manage your group through terrain appropriately. Below are some common travel techniques on the uphill and downhill to help you keep your squad skiing/riding together for a lifetime. And we at [Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/) want that to be a long lifetime. --- ### Uphill Techniques When traveling in the backcountry, it’s the golden rule to stay together unless you have a very good reason to do otherwise. This is much more easily accomplished on the uphill when you are traveling slower but can become a problem if there are folks of different fitness/ability levels. Below are some common uphill specific techniques to keep the squad together and communicating. #### Iron Caterpillar Make this your default uphill technique for ensuring the squad stays together — especially in white-out conditions where someone could easily become disoriented if separated from the group by even ten feet. It’s pretty self-explanatory: Stay tip to tail with the person in front of you, and, like Ludacris says: “When I move you move”. Just like that. Among the many benefits of this technique include: You won’t lose your friends, improves communication, you break at the same time, everyone is present to be involved in decision making. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Travel-Techniques-For-Backcountry-Skiers-and-Riders-1.jpg) #### Space Out Sometimes the iron caterpillar is not the best option. For example: traveling on glaciated terrain where you want to make sure only one person is on a snow bridge at a time or crossing a known avalanche path you think is safe, but space out to expose only one person at a time. #### No FU Breaks The ol’ FU Break is all too common. Let’s say your squad of four is out for a tour but person “A” is a bit slower on the uphill. Consequently, they fall behind consistently. The rest of the team is moving easily through the terrain but decides to stop every now and again to let person “A” catch up. This break may last 5 or so minutes where the other three members get to enjoy some water and snack while person “A” struggles huffing and puffing to catch up. Once Person “A” finally arrives, the rest of the squad is rested, but getting cold and antsy to continue, so they start moving again. The FU Break in action. Person “A” doesn’t ever get a break to get water and refuel so they will just get slower and slower, and angrier and angrier and angrier. To avoid this event, utilize the Iron caterpillar technique or at least put the slower person up near the front as you travel. They likely will say: “I don’t want to go up front because I’ll hold you back,” but this is nonsense. In order to travel as a group, you can only go as fast as your slowest member. There will always be a slowest member. Putting that person near the front isn’t a slight on them as a human being — even the fittest humans out there have their off days. Embrace reality rather than play pretend. --- ### Downhill Techniques Once you transition to downhill in the backcountry, things can go wrong in a hurry. Though there are many incidents where travelers are caught in avalanches on the up-track, the majority of accidents happen on the downhill. Where you’ve hopefully been traveling pretty close together and utilizing the uphill travel techniques above, it’s much easier to spread out and lose each other once gravity is on your side. Skiing or riding downhill is really fun… so [the human factor](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/human-factor-in-backcountry-skiing/) also begins to creep into our decision making. As always, the most important way to stay safe is to choose appropriate terrain for the [conditions](https://avalanche.org/) and your squad. Below are some common travel strategies to help manage folks through terrain once you make the choice to go. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Travel-Techniques-For-Backcountry-Skiers-and-Riders-2.jpg) #### Eyes On This is one of the techniques you should always seek to do. Keeping folks in visual contact not only allows you to know where to start a search if a rider is caught in a slide, but also aides in mitigating non-avalanche hazards like tree wells, deep snow immersion, or just getting lost. #### Ease into the Slope Rather than the first person hucking their meat off of the cornice in order to center punch the line, the first person on the slope should ease in. You should feel confident that the slope is safe in order to decide to ride it, but people often make the wrong decision. What’s wrong with being just a little more conservative when your life is on the line? #### One At A Time Only one person on the slope at a time hopefully means only one person is exposed to danger at a time. This only holds true, of course, if those not riding are actually stopped in safe zones. #### Safe Zones Safe zones are areas in terrain where you are protected from hazard. The top of a slope or ridgeline away from cornices where nothing can fall on you or break under you for instance. As much as possible, try to travel from safe zone to safe zone in terrain. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Travel-Techniques-For-Backcountry-Skiers-and-Riders-4.jpg) #### Fencing Fencing is the technique of utilizing physical features on slopes (rocks, trees, and other terrain features) to create boundaries/constraints for riders. If you’re blessed with a blank canvas of untouched pow to ride, you can also use your own tracks for fencing (i.e “stay rider’s left of my track to avoid…” the cliff, crevasse, or other hazards). #### Stacking Tracks By stacking tracks, or spooning, you ensure that folks ride where they are supposed to. This reduces the chances of folks getting separated and lost or getting sucked towards a hazardous terrain feature that should be avoided. As an added bonus, you conserve more of the slope for your second lap or for the other humans that want to enjoy the pow. Sharing is caring. #### Buddy System This is great for when you aren’t concerned about avalanche hazard and are most concerned with getting separated (i.e. tight trees and whiteout conditions). By pairing up, you’ll at least be with one other human if you get separated from the group. ![Baker Mountain Guides](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Travel-Techniques-For-Backcountry-Skiers-and-Riders-3.jpg) #### The “Yell-a-pillar” Similar to the reasoning of the buddy system and the iron caterpillar. The “Yell-a-pillar” is where you try to ride closely together using your voices to make hoots and hollers so you know where folks are. For this technique, it’s great to stop often to ensure you haven’t lost anyone. Also, keep the person behind you in sight! #### Short Pitches In order to keep eyes on and the group together in challenging or complex terrain, it may be necessary to ride in short pitches rather than skiing something from top to bottom. Instead, ski from safe zone to safe zone. #### Long Pitches Sometimes you need to ski something in one long pitch because there’s no safe place to stop in the run. Think couloir or big alpine face. No matter how much your quads burns, keep skiing or riding! #### Leap-frogging This strategy is one you can use in place of short pitches to keep visual contact with your squad in rolly/benchy terrain. Rather than the entire squad stopping at the first convex roller where you would lose sight of them, only the first person stops. Then the next rider can ski a longer pitch as they continue past the first person to the next roller. This helps keep things flowing and allows the squad to ski longer pitches. This only works, of course, if there are clear stopping places and safe zones that folks know to regroup at. Want to learn more? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Tech Tips **Tags:** aiare, Avalanche Education, Backcountry Skiing, Riding, Skiing, Techniques --- ### [Human Factor in Backcountry Skiing](https://bakermountainguides.com/human-factor-in-backcountry-skiing/) **Published:** June 27, 2020 **Author:** Zack McGill **Content:** ### Human Factor in Backcountry Skiing and Riding The majority of avalanches catching people are triggered by the person skiing/riding or someone in their party. Though some of these incidents are the result of ignorance, the vast majority occur because the party involved made critical decisions based on human emotion and desire (The Human Factor) rather than facts and data. Below are some of the most common human factor traps that will lead you to make poor decisions when skiing or riding in the backcountry. Though there are many, we’ll go over six here that you can remember using the acronym **FACETS**. ### Familiarity > “I’ve skied this 100 times. It never goes.” Just because you’ve ridden something before and didn’t trigger an avalanche doesn’t make it safe. The mountain snowpack is constantly changing. Be familiar with the [most recent conditions](https://avalanche.org/) to make educated decisions. ### Acceptance > “Hold my beer…” In school, you heard this called “Peer Pressure”. As humans, we all want acceptance from our peers whether we admit it or not. That desire for acceptance can lead us to take more risks than we would normally. ### Commitment > “We’ve got to get there.” This is the pressure you feel to accomplish your *Plan A* when you don’t provide your squad with very good back-up options. For instance, if your plan is to ski *Plan A* or go home and clean your toilet (*Plan B*). You’ll choose *Plan A* every time. You’re committed to it. Instead, give yourselves several great options you’d all be happy riding. If you like all the options from *Plan A* (your most aggressive option) to *Plan D* (your least aggressive) you won’t feel as committed to *Plan A*. ### Expert Halo > “I’m totally safe, I’m riding with an expert.” Have you ever gone out with someone more experienced than yourself and let them make the decisions because you perceive them to have more expertise? We all have. This is the expert halo. Going out with experts is a great way to learn, but make sure you don’t just blindly follow along. Ask questions and be involved in the decision-making process. Experts make mistakes too. ### Tracks > “Cool! Those two just rode ‘Sweet, Sweet Death!’ Should we ride it?” Commonly folks assume that if there are tracks on the slope, it must be safe. This is not true. In [level one courses](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/), I always show the video below of seven riders riding down the same slope one at a time. Each rider spoons another’s tracks. Rider seven skis in between two other tracks, triggers an avalanche, and dies when they get carried into trees below. Though tough to watch, it illustrates the point here… tracks don’t mean a slope is safe. Pretend like they aren’t there and make your decisions based on the facts. ### Scarcity > “Let’s hit it before someone steals our line!” You’ll also hear this called “Mad Pow Disease”. Powder is a limited resource that only exists for a short amount of time. As backcountry skiers and riders, we love pow. Consequently, we can sometimes get pressured into riding a slope because we feel the need to take advantage of the scarce resource and make decisions quicker than we should so that we can ride the slope before anyone “steals our turns.” --- ### FACETS There you have it: FACETS. Six of the most common human factor traps for backcountry skiers and riders. Take note of which ones you are more susceptible to. Also, take note of which ones your friends are most susceptible to. Awareness of how you and your partners are affected by emotion will hopefully help you recognize when you’re straying from logic and allow you to call it out. **Parents Take Note!** The video below has some light profanity if you’re around little ones. Want to learn more? Check out our [Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/). [Back to Top](#TopAnchor) --- **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Mountain Culture **Tags:** aiare, Avalanche Education, FACETS, human factor, Riding, Skiing --- ### [Reimagining Recreation](https://bakermountainguides.com/reimagining-recreation/) **Published:** June 24, 2020 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** ### Reimagining Recreation **The deer sees me before I see it.** This is usually how it goes. Sometimes they bolt, sometimes they stare at me, frozen, waiting for anything to move. I’ve made an art out of courting these deer, trying to see how much of their trust I can earn. Oftentimes, I’ll kneel down, attempting to be as unassuming as possible, but today I need to walk by. I can feel the deer’s eyes and ears on me. A normal walk would not suffice, no no — this required the fox walk. It has nothing to do with how a fox walks, but it’s a certain way of moving across the land. It’s best done barefoot and perhaps with your eyes closed. Basically, you put your heel down first and then slowly feel each step with all of your senses. It can’t be done quickly, which is why it’s perfect for walking past a tentative deer. I don’t have my daughter Josie with me today, but she loves the fox walk. She hasn’t quite mastered the slow and quiet part yet, but she is only three. This is how I spend my days now. **This is my recreation**. ![Reimagining Recreation](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Reimagining-Recreation-Jenni-Josie-Cute.jpg) Recreation didn’t always look like this for me. In our modern culture, recreation typically implies “refreshing oneself by some amusement.” The root of recreation, *recreare*, means **“to refresh, restore, make anew, revive, or invigorate.”** Like many of you, I’ve spent the last twelve weeks of this pandemic wandering and exercising near my home. I wander, with longing and deep grief for a more meaningful connection with the land. I spend these days reimagining recreation. **Why am I reimagining recreation?** Imagination feels like a lost art to me, abducted around the time I learned the scientific method. Imagination is the conversation between me and the mountain, the conversation between me, the ice worms, and the spider in the snow; The conversation between me and the wind, and the conversation between me and the wolverine. Now before you all think I’ve gone mad, think back to when you were a kid playing outside. Try to remember a time when you were in your own world making mud pies, building stick houses, or tending to wounded animals. A time when if someone called your name, you likely wouldn’t have heard them because you were so deep in your world. That feeling you had with the mud, the stories you told about the stick house, and the conversation you had with the wounded animals – those are conversations tended by your imagination. And by imagination, I don’t presume to mean those conversations are made up, quite the opposite in fact. **Those conversations are the most real conversations you might ever have had.** Moments when we were truly listening and being listened to. Now that I’ve got you imagining again, I’m sure you’re wondering what this might have to do with recreation? My relationship with recreation was not always so reflective. Before [COVID](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/coronavirus-covid-19-update/), before my injuries, before having a baby, recreation was my entire life. And not the kind of recreation I describe above, but rather recreation as a means of exercise, distraction, and amusement. I used to work as a consultant in an office and I would literally spend my days planning for my weekend adventures, trying to optimize weather and routes, calculating how tired John was going to be coming off Rainier and how much I was going to have to bribe him to go back into the mountains with me. **I would come back to work exhausted from the weekend, looking at pictures from the last adventure to survive the next work week.** I climbed a great many mountains. I burned hundreds of thousands of calories, ran hundreds of miles. To say this was all recreation meant to me would not be the complete truth. Each adventure, each mile, and each trail rooted me in something beyond my own Self, I just didn’t know it at the time. **I was just trying to survive my life.** ![Reimagining Recreation](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Reimagining-Recreation-Jenni-Climbing-1.jpg) ### Perfectly Imperfect **The mountains saved me**: they showed me myself, showed me my bones, showed me my roots. They reminded me of what I had forgotten along the way. **They also broke me.** Well… let’s be honest, I broke me. I had zero capacity to listen to my body. I could hear it loud and clear but refused to listen because the allure of the mountains was too tempting. I’m now blessed (and forced by means of injury, kids, and age), to offer my attention to my relationship with recreation and the mountains. In offering my attention, I’m imagining a different way of climbing mountains. I’m imagining being in a relationship with the wild places we wander through to reach the summits. I’m asking myself what that looks like, sounds like, smells like, and feels like. I’m asking myself what speed in which I travel will allow me to cultivate that relationship with these wild places. I’m asking myself why reaching the summit matters. And I’m asking these wild places and beings what I can offer back. Perhaps [Martin Shaw](https://drmartinshaw.com/) is correct in offering that… > What the world truly seeks is to be admired by us. I’m not perfect. There are plenty of days that I am rushing through a hike or bike ride to get home to pick Josie up and miss all those moments to be in relationship with that particular place — and that’s ok. What I’m imagining is that if each of us, at different times, offered our attention to the places we wander through and each offered something back – a prayer, a song of gratitude, a smile of acknowledgment, a story, tears of laughter or grief – that the wild places would be tended to, all the time. That’s what I’m imagining. Now, I own a [mountain guiding service](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/). I sell recreation. I sell fun, even if it is Type II fun. We encourage people to get outside, to move across the lands, to explore, and help them achieve their goals. **We practice Leave No Trace and we pack out our poop. That’s not enough anymore.** We can all feel the pressure of [all the humans in the backcountry](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/2019/05/everest-season-deaths-controversy-crowding/). The desire to push our bodies farther and farther out on the land. I like to remind myself that **our playground is someone else’s home.** ![reimagining recreation](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Reimagining-Recreation-Wolverine.jpg) *Photo by [David Moskowitz](https://davidmoskowitz.net/)* – *Cascades Wolverine Project* I’ve danced with calling it recreational consumerism. I’m just as guilty as the next, we all are. We all consume recreation to some extent. **We’re human, perfectly imperfect.** Whether we miss the ice worms while checking our watch to see how many calories we’ve burned or glance over the particular color of blue the ice reflects in the morning sun while we’re contemplating how angry our boss made us. Perhaps you’re stealing a rushed run or bike ride after work and you miss the delicately blooming foxglove swaying in the breeze across the recent clear cut teeming with life after death. Or perhaps you’re thinking about what your partner said or did and you miss the owl sleeping in the tree. Or even worse, perhaps you’re so determined to run your daily 5 or 10 miles, that you ignore just how much your body hurts or how tired you really are. I reckon it’s not only an inability to listen but also an inability to hear. ### The Art of Listening Hearing first requires that you are listening and listening requires that you aren’t talking, out loud or in your head. **Listening as a form of offering your attention to someone or something is a practiced skill** — perfect for long slogs up a trail or skin track. Listening is only one of our senses. We humans rely heavily on seeing, but we have others – tasting, smelling, feeling, and sensing. The particular taste of the water from the melting glacier, the smell of the sun warming up the forest. A feeling of awe and perhaps grief for the melting glacier, peeled back to its underskin, exposed to the sun for the very first time. The feeling of ancient ice moving under your feet. The joyous sound gear makes clanging on your harness. We can feel the particular way our axe sinks into the ice. That feeling can activate your sense of intuition. Was it a good stick or a bad stick? Your body knows. All of these moments are never to happen again in the particular way you are witnessing and participating with them. **All of these moments have secrets to share with you.** ![Reimagining Recreation](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Reimagining-Recreation-Skinning-Shuksan.jpg) Truth be told I initially found it exhausting to participate in the world and recreation this way – engaging all of my senses. It requires me to slow down. These are skills that need exercise and practice, just like crevasse rescue. I’m also not suggesting that you don’t go for the summit and that you don’t push your body. Those moments when you are completely in tune with your body and the climb are equally as important. Wild feats coming to life can surely feed the soul. **This art of sensing is a tool to bring your body back into relationship with the land.** When you’re on a ridge and the wind is blowing snow in your face, you can’t see a damn thing, and your heart is beating in your head rather than your chest, you are in a critical moment when the earth is likely speaking to you. I’ve pushed through these moments to the summit and I’ve also turned around. You might make a different decision in that same moment. My point is, **the conversation is with you and the moment,** if you’ll offer your attention. This is the relationship with recreation I’d like to cultivate. [Terry Tempest Williams](http://www.coyoteclan.com/) says it well, > “As a child, I came to understand my relationship to nature was reciprocal and that nature had a relationship with me. We called to one another. We called one another into being.” I’d like to create a space where people can dream and imagine their own relationship with wild places and recreation and help them tend those imaginings. Offering safe access to recreation feels even more important as the younger generations have less of a relationship with wild places and more of a relationship with their screens. And this is where I always pause and ask myself what are we offering? Are we selling summit attempts? Or are we creating a space where people can perhaps catch a glimpse of their own soul in conversation with the soul of the Earth while also climbing a mountain? Or is it both or perhaps somewhere in between? ### Calling Us Home Not everyone stayed at home during the quarantine, but many did. In the times I did wander beyond the backyard trails, I could hear and feel the sigh of the Earth from somewhere in the deepest caverns of her belly. A sigh of pause and stillness, perhaps of relief even, as the humans (hopefully) sat in reflection, or sheer boredom – but sitting nonetheless, even if just for a few moments. **It was so damn quiet.** The silence was deafening. Tears of grief and joy were all I could offer in that moment and even that didn’t feel like enough. ![Reimagining Recreation](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Reimagining-Recreation-Sunset-Canada.jpg) **It won’t always feel like this.** I crafted my first adventure back into the mountains with an ambitious dance up Mt. Baker. I hadn’t summitted since I was pregnant (Josie is three now), I hadn’t tasted mountain air in twelve weeks, I hadn’t felt the glide of my skis on the frozen skin of the earth. I was hungry for mountain time. Admittedly, that hunger overrode my ability to be in deep conversation with the earth on that climb. And again, that’s ok. What did happen was deep conversation with my partners about why and how we were there doing what we were doing. Conversations I couldn’t imagine happening a year ago. As we all begin to wander back into the backcountry, we might find the desire to run up summits to make up for lost time, we might find the desire to walk slowly up a trail and find a soft place to sit. I’m hoping it’s both. **The earth dreams of our feet dancing along her ridges, sitting in the lakes of her belly, and painting the clouds of her skies.** Hear the sound of your feet on her skin. Feel the warmth of the sun on your face. Taste the ice turned to water a second ago. Offer your attention to the earth. Dream with her and she will dream with you. **Our playground is our home.** > “If we approached rivers, mountains, > dragonflies, redwoods and reptiles > as if all are alive, intelligent > and suffused with soul, imagination and purpose, > what might the world become?” > “Who would WE become > if we participated intentionally > with such an animate earth?” ~[Geneen Marie Haugen](https://www.wildernessguidescouncil.org/content/geneen-marie-haugen) **Categories:** Mountain Culture, Stewardship **Tags:** Climbing Etics, LNT, Mount Baker, Recreation, Stewardship --- ### [Thunder Glacier Ski Descent](https://bakermountainguides.com/thunder-glacier-ski-descent/) **Published:** April 30, 2020 **Author:** Mike Elges **Content:** ### A Hidden Classic We’re lucky to have Mount Baker as our namesake and main office. Complex, heavily glaciated, and wonderfully positioned in the North Cascades, [Koma Kulshan](https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/mbs/specialplaces/?cid=stelprdb5275892) stands at only 10,781 feet, yet radiates a BIG mountain impression. The mountain receives some of the largest snowfall totals in the world and hosts numerous classic ski mountaineering objectives. I’ve been exploring this topography for nearly four years and it continues to deliver amazing opportunities for adventure, such as skiing the Thunder Glacier. The Thunder Glacier had been on my radar as a ski descent for several winters. It’s a striking line that’s often hidden while climbing the main routes. The Thunder Glacier is tucked between the jagged walls of Lincoln Peak and Heliotrope Ridge. Both flanks are characterized by crevasses and seracs, leaving a perfectly plumb fall line descent right down the middle. On March 15th 2020, as “normal” daily life was about to come to a screeching halt, we set off to snag what would be one of the last missions of our season. ![Thunder Glacier](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Baker-Mountain-Guides-Crew.jpg) ### Glacier Creek Road Access At 5:00 am the crew piled into my Tundra with snowmobiles in-toe. As we rolled out of Bellingham and down HWY 542, the excitement for the day started to build.I love these big days in the mountains. Forty-five minutes later, we found snowline on the [Glacier Creek Road ◙](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Glacier+Creek+Rd,+Washington+98244/@48.8755964,-121.9202294,14z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x548456e9a1f25797:0x690a686ee72aeb90!8m2!3d48.8742138!4d-121.9108212!5m1!1e4). Five miles remained between us and the [Heliotrop Trailhead ◙](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Heliotrope+Ridge+Trailhead/@48.8016658,-121.895748,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x4e751a72b58d8407!8m2!3d48.8016658!4d-121.895748!5m1!1e4). Time to unload the sleds and figure out how to get six people up the road with two machines. We had two options: we could shuttle and do two trips from truck to trailhead or we could double tow and get everyone up in one push. Shuttling would be easier on the snowmobiles and the legs; towing would save us an hour. I have a tendency to get a little over-stoked from time-to-time, especially when we have the opportunity to get the Baker Mountain Guides squad together on a rare sunny pow day. That and the fact that we were heading out for a big day made us decide to tow. A short 15 – 20-minute ride and we’d be on skis heading up the mountain. What could go wrong ![Thunder Glacier](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_2757.jpg) This was our first season with consistent access to snowmobiles, necessary toys to execute our new program: [Twin Sisters Backcountry Skiing](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/adventures/twin-sisters-backcountry-skiing/). In efforts to execute a smooth day of guiding on sleds, the past month was dedicated to, well, making mistakes. We learned how to get stuck, get unstuck, rig gear poorly, and rig gear properly. The devil is in the details and we still had a few lessons to learn. The zone is popular amongst local snowmobilers and the road typically boasts a packed sled track. Packed roads require the use of [scratchers](https://www.precision-performance.com/blog/what-are-ice-scratchers-and-why-do-you-need-them--7320). These little rods of metal scratch the firm snow, kicking up enough debris to keep the engine cool. Fueled by excitement, we overlooked these little buggers and took off before putting them down. Nearly halfway, both drivers smelled trouble, literally. The sleds were overheating. We stopped, packed the tracks with snow and waited roughly 20 minutes for things to cool down. The hot engine melted and warped one of the drive belts. With snowmobiles you just have to roll with the punches; they break, get stuck, overheat, it’s just the name of the game. By 7:30 am we made it to the trailhead. Psyche levels were high. ### Coleman Glacier Approach We left the snowmobiles behind and started the 3000-foot ascent up [Grouse Creek ◙](https://www.google.com/maps/place/48%C2%B047'40.8%22N+121%C2%B053'31.5%22W/@48.7941815,-121.8982944,15.25z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x0:0x0!7e2!8m2!3d48.7946776!4d-121.8920941!5m1!1e4) to gain [Heliotrope Ridge ◙](https://www.google.com/maps/place/48%C2%B046'51.8%22N+121%C2%B052'42.3%22W/@48.7822783,-121.8732543,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x0:0x0!7e2!8m2!3d48.781057!4d-121.8784103!5m1!1e4). The morning was cold and calm as we toured through the old-growth forest. At treeline, we got our first look at the upper mountain. We observed active wind transport off the ridgelines giving us some concern for the conditions to come. However, the protected slopes lower on the mountain harbored perfect cold smoke pow. We continued, knowing that no matter what happened, we’d enjoy some fantastic skiing. ![Thunder Glacier](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Approaching-Mount-Baker.jpg) From the top of Heliotrope Ridge the views were amazing. To the south and west, we could see the Twin Sisters Range and the San Juan Islands. To the north, Canadian peaks littered the horizon. The Thunder Glacier was positioned directly in front of us with Mount Baker’s stoic presence looming in the background. ![Thunder Glacier](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Skinning-Heliotrope-Ridge.jpg) The south wind was stronger than we expected. Fortunately, the jagged spires of [Lincoln Peak ◙](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Lincoln+Peak/@48.7732285,-121.868877,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x5484fedb34df8ae1:0x747127fbd558504a!8m2!3d48.7681745!4d-121.8593135!5m1!1e4) provided some protection for the route. Ski mountaineering is a game of margins. The deck was stacked in our favor with an experienced team, clear skies above, and the option to spin at any time. After some deliberation, we decided to continue. ![Thunder Glacier](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Thunder-Glacier-Viewpoint.jpg) We dropped onto the [Football Field ◙](https://www.google.com/maps/place/48%C2%B046'53.6%22N+121%C2%B051'39.2%22W/@48.7821505,-121.8635398,15.25z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x0:0x0!7e2!8m2!3d48.781543!4d-121.8608947!5m1!1e4), a distinct feature on the [Coleman Glacier ◙](https://www.google.com/maps/place/48%C2%B046'51.4%22N+121%C2%B050'51.3%22W/@48.779749,-121.8566651,15.25z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x0:0x0!7e2!8m2!3d48.780948!4d-121.8475904!5m1!1e4). Here, we donned harnesses and crevasse rescue gear. Another 1000 feet of climbing brought us to the base of the impressive North Face of [Colfax Peak ◙](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Colfax+Peak/@48.7719248,-121.8514325,15.25z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x5484fecdbf827cdf:0x99644402f69c67c5!8m2!3d48.7712311!4d-121.8440357!5m1!1e4). From here the route takes a sharp right turn off the Coleman for the final push to the top of the Thunder Glacier. ![Thunder Glacier](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Skinning-Under-Colfax-Peak.jpg) The winds were gusting up to 40 mph with sustained speeds in the 20’s as we crested over the saddle. When we peered down the other side things didn’t add up. We had over-shot the Thunder Glacier by a hundred feet and found ourselves looking out over the [Deming Glacier ◙](https://www.google.com/maps/place/48%C2%B045'43.5%22N+121%C2%B050'44.8%22W/@48.7638071,-121.8575383,14.48z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x0:0x0!7e2!8m2!3d48.7620773!4d-121.8457667!5m1!1e4). A short five-minute downward traverse would lead us to the upper headwall of the Thunder Glacier and the proper start of the descent. ### Thunder Glacier Ski Descent 12:30 pm. Standing on top of the route it was clear that we needed to avoid the Thunder Glacier’s upper headwall. Excited and nervous, we weighed our options. The snow conditions just weren’t right for terrain that steep. To maintain our margin for error, we skied down the ridge to a saddle 500 feet below. This allowed us to take advantage of a low angle entrance onto the Thunder Glacier. The skiing on the ridge was pretty bad. Variable and wind affected snow made for an exciting start to the descent. There was still hope that we would find better conditions lower down where the snow was protected from the strongest winds. As soon as we dropped off the saddle and onto the Thunder Glacier, the snow conditions improved. Our smiles grew large in anticipation of the turns to come. ![Thunder Glacier](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Skiing-Under-Colfax-Peak.jpg) We skied short pitches through some lower angle terrain, feeling out the conditions. As we approached a steeper and more broken section of the Thunder Glacier, a small, shallow wind slab popped on a steep convexity and ran down into a large crevasse. We set up for a long pitch of skiing through the crux of the route. We descended one at a time. It skied like a dream; beautiful boot-top pow down a 35-degree apron in a wild position. Like I said before, I love these big days in the mountains. ![Thunder Glacier](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Thunder-Glacier-Psych-1.jpg) Everyone relaxed a bit as we paused below the crux to catch our breath and take it all in. Finally, we continued down the remaining 1,400 vertical feet of nearly perfect, untouched powder only stopping to look back in disbelief at the stunning terrain. For the majority of the line, we were in the shadow of Lincoln Peak. Near the bottom, we popped out into the sun and stopped for a much-needed break to refuel. Looking back at the Thunder Glacier we noticed that almost all of our tracks were gone. The wind quickly reset the landscape and it was as if we were never there. The impermanence of it all – the tracks, our presence – it was perfect. Before long it was time to pack up and start our final climb of the day. The descent drops you into another basin, leaving a mean 1,200-foot climb back to the top of Grouse Creek. Despite the wind and fatigue, the team made quick work of the climb, fueled by accomplishment. Soon enough, we were transitioning for another 3,000 feet of powder back to the snowmobiles. ![Thunder Glacier](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Exiting-Thunder-Glacier-Basin-1.jpg) ### Thunder Glacier Route Profile: - Total Distance – 8.5 Miles - Trailhead Elevation – 3650 feet - Top of Route – 8570 feet - Elevation Gain – 6100 feet - Thunder Glacier Descent – 3070 feet ![Thunder Glacier](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Thunder-Glacier-Map.jpg) ![Thunder Glacier](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/Thunder-Glacier-Profile.jpg) **Categories:** Route Profiles **Tags:** Backcountry Skiing, Guides Day Off, Mount Baker --- ### [Mount BakerTraining Plan](https://bakermountainguides.com/mount-baker-training-plan/) **Published:** April 27, 2018 **Author:** Tonia Boze **Content:** The Mount Baker Training Plan is designed to prepare you to climb Mount Baker, assuming the most commonly climbed route – the Coleman Deming. In general, individuals with an active lifestyle should have the necessary fitness to summit Mount Baker, however, the following training plan will ensure that you arrive well prepared and confident in your abilities. Having something to train for is motivating. When that ‘something’ involves the outdoors the motivation increases. Why? Because your time in the gym is used to enhance your adventure. The outdoors are uncertain and ever changing. Conditions and events are not ours to decide. Training for the unexpected can keep us pushing through the drudgery. ### Mount Baker Training Plan Goals - Increase your endurance. This will be done through trail running, step ups and hiking / rucking under load (30-40#). - Strengthen your ‘Mountain Chassis’ (legs & mid-section). The stronger your mountain chassis the more efficient you’ll move. - Exercises that strengthen those often neglected stabilizer muscles will be included to help decrease your risk of injury and keep your body balanced. - Increase your mental fitness specific to the demands of your Baker summit. ### Mount Baker Training Plan Description This is an intense, progressive, 7-week program. The demands are high and a prior fitness base is recommended prior to starting. The time commitment is no joke. Organization is a must for success. Training runs Monday through Saturday. Sunday is a total rest day. All training sessions are designed to be completed in order. If you have to deviate from the schedule simply keep the order and do not skip around. The volume of training increases as the program progresses. Week 7 is used as a taper week. We want you confident and situation ready. Our hope is that this program gives you a desire to keep your fitness at a level not far from a level to complete any bid that beckons. ### Equipment List - Bench or box for step ups approximately 17” high - Backpack or ruck sack loaded with 20-45# for hiking / rucking - Sandbag 40# women / 60# men – an old army surplus bag filled with mulch or pellets and sealed with zip tie and gorilla tape will do the trick - 10# Iron Plate for dragging / pushing 15# / 25# plate or bumper for rotational mid section work - Jump Rope - Pull Up bar - [**Small Resistance Bands**](https://www.amazon.com/Fit-Simplify-Resistance- Exercise-Instructional/dp/B01AVDVHTI/ref=sr_1_3? ie=UTF8&qid=1494083350&sr=8-3&keywords=exercise+bands) - Optional – Counter for step ups / phone app or GPS watch for trail runs, hiking and rucking ### Frequently Asked Questions **Q:** What’s the difference between my hike and ruck efforts? **A:** Hiking has prescribed vertical feet to complete. Ruck is over your choice of terrain, and should look like a fast walk / light jog. **Q:** What do the first and second number represent after an exercise? i.e Sandbag Get Ups – 40#/60#. **A:** First number is the load for women, second for men. **Q:** There is only prescribed stretching on Wednesday’s. Should I do more? **A:** Absolutely. We highly recommend spending at least 15 minutes on mobility work after every Mountain Endurance / Leg Strength session. **Q:** Do you have videos / descriptions of the prescribed exercises? **A:** Please see the following videos / descriptions of exercises included in the Mount Baker Training Plan. #### Mini Leg Blaster - 10x Air Squats - 5x Lunge (each leg, 10x alternating) - 5x Jump Lunge - 5x Jump Squats #### Full Leg Blaster - 20x Air Squats - 10x Lunges (each leg, 20x alternating) - 10x Jump Lunge - 10x Jump Squats --- ### Mount Baker Training Plan Sessions **Session 1: Mountain Endurance / Chassis Integrity** 1\) 600x Step Ups with 25# Pack or Vest 2\) 10 Minute Grind – 5m Plate Drag – 6x Seated Russian Twist 15/25# – 6x Sandbag Get Ups 40/60# **Session 2: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 5:00 Jump Rope 2\) 10 Rounds Mini Leg Blaster with 30 Seconds Rest 3\) 3.0 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 3: Chassis Integrity / Upper Body** 1\) 10 Minute Grind – 5x Shoulder Taps – 8x EO’s – 10m Sandbag Carry 40/60# – 10/10 Seconds Standing Founder 2\) 5 Rounds – 3x/5x Chin Ups – 3x/5x Pull Ups – 5x Strict Knees to Chest – 8x Band Shoulder Dislocates 3\) 3 Rounds – 5m Band Walk – 3x Shoulder Sweeps – Camel + Frog Stretch – Pigeon Stretch **Session 4: Mountain Endurance** 1\) Ruck 5.0 miles with 35# Pack **Session 5: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 10 Rounds Mini Leg Blaster with 30 Seconds Rest 2\) Hike 1,000 Vertical Feet with 25# Pack **Session 6: Mountain Endurance** 1\) 5.0 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 7: Mountain Endurance / Chassis Integrity** 1\) 800x Step Ups with 25# Pack or Vest 2\) 12 Minute Grind – 5m Plate Drag – 7x Seated Russian Twist 15/25# – 7x Sandbag Get Ups 40/60# **Session 8: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 6:00 Jump Rope 2\) 2 Rounds Full Leg Blaster with 30 Seconds Rest 3\) 6 Rounds Mini Leg Blaster with 30 Seconds Rest 4\) 3.5 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 9: Chassis Integrity / Upper Body** 1\) 12 Minute Grind – 6x Shoulder Taps – 12x EO’s – 15m Sandbag Carry 40/60# – 15/15 Standing Founder 2\) 6 Rounds – 3x/5x Chin Ups – 3x/5x Pull Ups – 5x Strict Knees to Chest – 8x Band Shoulder Dislocates 3\) 3 Rounds – 5m Band Walk – 3x Shoulder Sweeps – Camel + Frog – Pigeon Stretch **Session 10: Mountain Endurance** 1\) Ruck 6.0 Miles with 35# Pack – Conversational Pace **Session 11: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 2 Rounds Full Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 2\) 6 Rounds Mini Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 3\) Hike 1,200 Vertical Feet with 25# Pack **Session 12: Mountain Endurance** 1\) 6.0 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 13: Mountain Endurance / Chassis Integrity** 1\) 1,000 Step Ups with 25# Pack or Vest 2\) 15 Minute Grind – 5m/5m Plate Drag and Push – 8x Seated Russian Twist 15/25# – 8x Sandbag Get Ups 40/60# **Session 14: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 3 Rounds Full Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 2\) 4 Rounds Mini Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 3\) 4.0 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 15: Chassis Integrity / Upper Body** 1\) 15 Minute Grind – 7x Shoulder Taps – 14x EO’s – 20m Sandbag Carry 40/60# – 20/20 Second Standing Founder 2\) 7 Rounds – 3x/5x Chin Ups – 3x/5x Pull Ups – 5x Strict Knees to Chest – 8x Band Shoulder Dislocates 3\) 3 Rounds – 10m Band Walk – 5x Shoulder Sweeps – Camel + Frog – Elevated Pigeon Stretch **Session 16: Mountain Endurance** 1\) Ruck 7.0 Miles with 35# Pack – Conversational Pace **Session 17: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 3 Rounds Full Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 2\) 4 Rounds Mini Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 3\) Hike 1,400 Vertical Feet with 35# Pack **Session 18: Mountain Endurance** 1\) 7.0 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 19: Mountain Endurance / Chassis Integrity** 1\) 1,200x Step Ups with 25# Pack 2\) 17 Minute Grind – 5m/5m Plate Drag & Push – 9x Seated Russian Twist 15/25# – 9x Sandbag Get Ups 40/60# **Session 20: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 4 Rounds Full Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 2\) 2 Rounds Mini Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 3\) 4.5 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 21: Chassis Integrity / Upper Body** 1\) 17 Minute Grind – 8x Shoulder Taps – 16x EO’s – 20m Sandbag Carry 40/60# – 25/25 Second Standing Founder 2\) 8 Rounds – 3x/5x Chin Up – 3x/5x Pull Up – 5x Strict Knees to Chest – 8x Band Shoulder Dislocates 3\) 3 Rounds – 10m Band Walk – 5x Shoulder Sweeps – Camel + Frog – Elevated Pigeon Stretch **Session 22: Mountain Endurance** 1\) Ruck 8.0 Miles with 35# Pack – Conversational Pace **Session 23: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 4 Rounds Full Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 2\) 2 Rounds Mini Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 3\) Hike 1,600 Vertical Feet with 35# Pack **Session 24: Mountain Endurance** 1\) 8.0 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 25: Mountain Endurance / Chassis Integrity** 1\) 1,400x Step Ups with 25# Pack or Vest 2\) 20 Minute Grind – 5m/5m Plate Drag / Push – 10x Seated Russian Twist 40/60# – 10x Sandbag Get Ups 40/60# **Session 26: Leg Strength / Chassis Integrity** 1\) 9:00 Jump Rope 2\) Full Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 3\) 5.0 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 27: Chassis Integrity / Upper Body** 1\) 20 Minute Grind – 9x Shoulder Taps – 18x EO’s – 20m Sandbag Carry 40/60# – 25/25 Standing Founder 2\) 9 Rounds – 3x/5x Chin Ups – 3x/5x Pull Ups – 5x Strict Knees to Chest – 8x Band Shoulder Dislocates 3\) 3 Rounds – 10m Band Walk – 5x Shoulder Sweeps – Camel + Frog Stretch – Standing Pigeon Stretch **Session 28: Mountain Endurance** 1\) Ruck 9.0 Miles with 35# Pack – Conversational Pace **Session 29: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 5 Rounds Full Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 2\) Hike 1,800 Vertical Feet with 35# Pack **Session 30: Mountain Endurance** 1\) 9.0 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 31: Mountain Endurance / Chassis Integrity** 1\) 1,600x Step Ups with 25# Pack or Vest 2\) 20 Minute Grind – 5m/5m Plate Drag & Push – 10x Seated Russian Twist 15/25# – 10x Sandbag Get Ups 40/60# **Session 32: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 5 Rounds Full Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 2\) 5.5 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 33: Chassis Integrity / Upper Body** 1\) 20 Minute Grind – 10x Shoulder Taps – 20x EO’s – 20m Sandbag Carry 40/60# – 25/25 Second Standing Founder 2\) 10 Rounds – 3x/5x Chin Ups – 3x/5x Pull Ups – 5x Strict Knees to Chest – 8x Band Shoulder Dislocates 3\) 3 Rounds – 10m Band Walk – Elevated Pigeon Stretch – 5x Shoulder Sweeps – Camel + Frog Stretch **Session 34: Mountain Endurance** 1\) Ruck 10.0 Miles with 35# Pack – Conversational Pace **Session 35: Leg Strength / Mountain Endurance** 1\) 5 Rounds Full Leg Blaster – 30 Seconds Rest 2\) 1,800 Vertical Feet Hike with 35# Pack **Session 36: Mountain Endurance** 1\) 10.0 Mile Trail Run – Conversational Pace **Session 37: Mountain Endurance** 1\) 600x Step Ups with 25# Pack or Vest 2\) 10 Minute Grind – 5m Plate Drag – 5x Seated Russian Twist 15/25# – 5x Sandbag Get Ups 40/60# **Session 38: Mountain Endurance / Upper Body** 1\) 3.0 Mile Trail Run 2\) 5 Rounds – 3x/5x Chin Up – 3x/5x Pull Ups – 5x Strict Knees to Chest – 8x Band Shoulder Dislocates **Sessions 39-42: Rest** --- Tonia Boze founded [Terrain Gym](https://www.terraingym.com/) in 2007 as a strength and conditioning facility to specialize in training athletes specifically for their sport or profession. Tonia Started working in the fitness industry in 1996. Certifications / Seminars include – Mountain Athlete Coach, Mountain Tactical Institute Advanced Programming, Catalyst Athletics, USA Gymnastics National Congress, Primal Blueprint Nutrition Coach, Precision Nutrition Level 1 Coach, BioForce Conditioning Coach, BioForce HRV, CrossFit Level 1. **Categories:** Mountain Training **Tags:** Climbing, fitness, Mount Baker, mount baker training plan, terrain gym, training plan --- ### [Avalanche CoursePro-Rec Split](https://bakermountainguides.com/avalanche-course-pro-rec-split/) **Published:** October 1, 2017 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** Big changes are coming to avalanche education! After much anticipation, the long awaited professional – recreational split has arrived. The main outcome has been the creation of a professional track for advanced level avalanche courses. However, recreational backcountry skiers and snowboarders will find the new recreational curriculum to be more engaging and applicable as well. If you are considering taking an avalanche course, then read on! ### Professional vs Recreational Goals Often, recreational backcountry enthusiasts and aspiring avalanche professionals have very different goals that require different skill sets. Aspiring avalanche professionals are commonly interested in the science of avalanche formation and release, snowpack metamorphism, and meteorology. It’s important that avalanche professionals have very well developed observational techniques and recording methodologies that reflect industry standards. These skills sets serve the professional well when forecasting, tracking, and managing avalanche hazard in the context of an operation. Recreational skiers and snowboarders can also benefit from a deeper understanding of the avalanche phenomenon and observational techniques. However, these skills are applied very differently in a recreational setting. Often, recreational students are much more interested in tracking the spatial variability of the avalanche problems, and mitigating the hazard via terrain management and small group decision making. Basically, folks want to go backcountry skiing & riding, just more safely. ### Avalanche Course Flow The [American Avalanche Association](http://www.americanavalancheassociation.org/) (AAA) is the organization in the United States that connects, engages with, and shares information amongst avalanche professionals from all segments of the industry and across all regions of the country. With input from industry and avalanche educators, the AAA created new standards that reflect the split in recreational and professional avalanche education. Organizations like the [American Institute for Avalanche Research and Education](http://avtraining.org/) (AIARE) use these standards to create curriculum and courses that can be distributed amongst a network of course providers and avalanche instructors. The AAA has produced a useful flow chart that outlines the new framework for avalanche education in the United States. The goals of the new framework are to improve the quality of education for both professional and recreational students, maintain affordability for both user groups, and create common standards recognized by course providers, employers, and the public. ![Pro-Rec Flow Chart](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Pro-Rec-Flow-chart.jpg) So where does one begin? As always, we encourage anyone who is interested in the backcountry to attend an avalanche awareness clinic. However, the [AIARE Level 1 avalanche course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/) is more appropriate for skiers and snowboarders who are planning on regular backcountry travel. The avalanche awareness clinic is not a pre-requisite for the AIARE Level 1. The good news is that the AIARE Level 1 avalanche course remains unchanged. Everyone will still begin with the AIARE Level 1 regardless of whether they are recreational students or aspiring professionals. Students who choose to continue their avalanche education beyond the AIARE Level 1 will need to decide whether they are recreational backcountry travelers, or wanting to pursue a career as a ski or avalanche professional. ### Recreational Avalanche Training Recreational skiers and snowboarders who are interested in advanced avalanche education should consider the new [AIARE Level 2 avalanche course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-2-avalanche-course/). The AIARE Level 2 is now 3 days instead of 4. Avalanche Rescue has been removed from the curriculum and is now a stand-alone course. The [AIARE Avalanche Rescue course](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/courses/avalanche-rescue/) is a pre-requisite for the new AIARE Level 2, so in effect, completion of the level 2 still requires 4 days of training. The new AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course can be taken independently of the AIARE Level 2, however, Baker Mountain Guides and many other providers will offer the Avalanche Rescue Course immediately preceding the Level 2. At Baker Mountain Guides, we offer a discount on Avalanche Rescue if you take both courses together. The new AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course will allow for a full day of advanced companion rescue training and include many opportunities to practice multiple burial search techniques. Additionally, the recreational level 2 curriculum focuses less on standardized observations and recording methods. This frees up more time for touring, informal observations, and group decision making. The goal is to improve student’s evaluation of critical avalanche hazard assessment factors. The recreational curriculum ends with completion of the AIARE Level 2. ### Professional Avalanche Training 1 Professional level courses will be run directly through AIARE and other AAA approved providers. Students will begin their professional avalanche education with the [Professional Avalanche Training 1 course](http://avtraining.org/aiare-pro-1/). The AIARE Level 1 and the AIARE Avalanche Rescue Courses are pre-requisites for the Pro 1. The Pro 1 is designed for entry-level avalanche professional, or those seeking employment in the avalanche industry. The Pro 1 is similar to the old AIARE Level 2, but allows more time for students to develop their standardized observational skills, recording methods, and operational decision making. The Pro 1 is 5 days in length and includes an examination at the end of the course to ensure student competency. ### Professional Avalanche Training 2 The [Professional Avalanche Training 2](http://avtraining.org/aiare-pro-2/) course replaces the old AIARE Level 3. Pre-requisites for the Pro 2 include the AIARE level 1, AIARE Avalanche Rescue course, and Pro 1. From the AAA: *Professional Avalanche Training 2 (Pro 2) is designed for developing avalanche professionals with several seasons of applied professional experience. This course focuses on skills and proficiencies that enable the student to step into a leadership role within an operational avalanche program. The student will be taught proficiencies to develop operational risk management decision-making skills, including forecasting, risk mitigation strategies, and professional communication.* For more information on professional level courses, please visit the [AIARE Pro Course Schedule](http://aiare.info/course_list.php?type=pro). Students must register for these courses directly through AIARE. ### Baker Mountain Guides Avalanche Courses Baker Mountain Guides offers our students the AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course, AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course, and AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course. Baker Mountain Guides has customized the AIARE curriculum to provide practical field skills for the Pacific Northwest. Our instructors are passionate backcountry skiers and snowboarders who believe that avalanche education has the power to save lives. These values are reflected in the quality of our AIARE Avalanche Courses. --- Thanks for taking the time to learn about changes to avalanche education in the US. Allow us to help you continue your education this winter with one of our comprehensive and respected courses. For more information about our offerings, please get in touch. Sources: [American Avalanche Association – Pro Training FAQS](http://www.americanavalancheassociation.org/professional-training/) **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness **Tags:** aiare, AIARE Level 1, aiare level 2, american avalanche association, avalanche course, avalanche rescue, avalanche training, pro rec split --- ### [Baker Mountain Guides Brand Reborn](https://bakermountainguides.com/baker-mountain-guides-brand-reborn/) **Published:** May 11, 2017 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** Baker Mountain Guides is proud to present the re-birth of our brand. The last twelve months has been a period of intense self-reflection and growth, with the goal of re-defining who we are, what we do, and how we can better serve our clientele. We welcome you to experience the new Baker Mountain Guides, and to join us on your own journey of self-discovery. ### The Branding Process What is a brand? Brands are more than just logos, colors, and slogans. Brands are perceptions that live in the mind. At Baker Mountain Guides, we wanted to change some of those perceptions to better reflect our unique approach to guiding. We began by asking some difficult questions regarding who Baker Mountain Guides is as an organization. This was an introspective and sometimes esoteric process that required us to be very honest with ourselves. To help answer some of these questions, we sought feedback from our existing clientele. The responses we received gave us deep insight into the types of people that are drawn to Baker Mountain Guides, and what they value most about the experiences that we offer. This research allowed us to craft a brand strategy, or a focused definition for who the Baker Mountain Guides brand is, what it believes, and how it engages with the world. This phase of the process involved articulating our purpose, vision, mission, archetype and other fundamental aspects of our organization. Sometimes answering simple questions, such as “what exactly do we sell” proved challenging. Along the way, we discovered that our big idea is to help our clientele explore their world. Our big idea involves more than just physical exploration, and is meant to be interpreted differently by everybody. Ultimately, “*Explore Your World*” became our slogan. The final phases of our re-brand involved creating and expressing our new identity. This part of the process included traditional elements of a brand such as our logo, colors, and typography. Our identity is founded in all of the elements of our brand strategy, and represents the personality of Baker Mountain Guides. Our new logo is rugged, yet approachable, and pays homage to the original logo with which we began our business. Finally, our website embodies all of the elements of the new brand in a modern online experience. --- ### Brand Compass One of the major outcomes of the branding process was the creation of our brand compass. Baker Mountain Guides Brand Compass is a collection of unique attributes that keep us focused and pointed in the right direction. It includes our purpose, vision, and mission statement. **PURPOSE** *To make adventure possible* Baker Mountain Guides purpose is the reason we exist beyond making a profit. It’s the answer to our most profound question: why? Our purpose is two-fold. First, we wish to facilitate mountain adventures for individuals who are unable to create such experiences for themselves. Second, we wish to connect people to place, and inspire thoughtful environmental stewardship. Without place, mountain adventure would not be possible. **VISION** *A world where inspiring mountain adventure can be safely experienced by everyone* Baker Mountain Guides vision statement describes the desired end-state toward which our brand is headed. It’s the ideal world we hope to bring about, and it’s meant to be audacious. Obviously, not every person will be able to safely experience an inspiring mountain adventure, but we believe the world would be a better place if they could. **MISSION** *To create meaningful life experiences for those we serve through guided mountain adventures and courses centered on safety and environmental stewardship* Baker Mountain Guides mission statement is our brand’s roadmap. It charts the route to our vision by describing what we’re going to do, how we’re going to do it, whom we’re doing it for, and the values that motivate our actions. Our mission statement builds upon our purpose and vision by specifically speaking to the need for “meaningful life experiences.” --- Thanks for taking the time to partake in the story of our re-brand. Please visit our [About](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/about/) page to learn more about Baker Mountain Guides. We encourage anyone who is considering our services to review our core values as well as our dedicated guide staff. We would also like to give a big thanks to [Ignyte Branding Agency](http://www.ignytebrands.com/) out of San Diego, California for all the excellent work they performed in guiding us through the branding process. Even guides need guides every now and then. **Categories:** Guiding Life **Tags:** about us, baker, baker guides, brand, branding, guide, identity, logo, mission statement, purpose, slogan, vision --- ### [Backcountry Run Lists](https://bakermountainguides.com/backcountry-run-lists/) **Published:** April 13, 2017 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** ### Preparing for Travel in Avalanche Terrain One of the most commonly overlooked aspects of decision making in avalanche terrain is pre-trip preparation. Most backcountry skiers and snowboarders do a pretty good job of looking over the avalanche report in the AM, and are generally familiar with the hazard rating for the day. However, the point is to apply the hazard rating to terrain, and avoid areas that can produce an avalanche. AIARE – The American Institute of Avalanche Research and Education – has a great pre-trip checklist available in their ubiquitous “Blue Book.” The pre-trip checklist helps users assess the hazard rating, avalanche problems, snowpack structure, weak layers, and weather factors that could contribute to, or change the avalanche hazard. Most of this information is available in the daily avalanche bulletin, local weather reports, and weather station data. However, the next step is to anticipate where hazard may exist in the terrain you are planning on touring. This is the most important part. ### Operational Backcountry Run Lists Most professional ski guides and avalanche instructors use what is known as run lists to assess terrain before going into the field. To be honest, it’s not overly complex, but it does require some amount of formal avalanche training. The fact is that recreational skiers and snowboarders can only benefit from taking a few minutes before their tour to think critically about hazard and terrain. Run lists create a structured process for assessing terrain. They often include maps, photos, satellite imagery, and other resources with common runs drawn in and labeled. Maps help us determine distances, elevation changes, and slope angles. Imagery allows us to build familiarity with terrain, and identify areas of concern in much greater detail. Labels, or names, allow us to communicate our terrain choices clearly. The goal is to sit down before a day of backcountry skiing or snowboarding, assess the avalanche hazard, and rate each potential run as either open or closed. Once in the field, further observations can be used to close open runs. However, a run that is closed at any point cannot be re-opened. Those are the rules. As a backcountry ski and avalanche education operation, Baker Mountain Guides is responsible for many decisions made by many of our guides on a daily basis. Run lists work by limiting emotion in the decision-making process. Any decision that we make in the field will have an emotional component, and emotions can get us into trouble. For run lists to be effective, all potential runs must be rated, and ratings must be respected. By rating all runs in a particular zone, we create many options to choose from, which allows us to craft exceptional experiences for our clientele with a high degree of confidence. Conversely, by closing runs before and during a tour, we can assure that we will not make spontaneous, emotional decisions. We may be guides, but we are also human. ### Mount Baker Backcountry Ski Map These are tools and techniques that can be easily employed by recreational skiers and snowboarders with level 1 avalanche training. However, to relate the avalanche hazard to terrain, you need to have a run list to work with. Baker Mountain Guides has spent years developing a run list for the Mount Baker Backcountry, and this summer, we worked with Fall Line Publishing to produce the Mount Baker Backcountry Ski Map. The Mount Baker Backcountry Ski Map is waterproof, tearproof, and small enough to be easily carried in the field. It covers both Bagley Lakes Basin and the Shuksan Arm, which are two exceptional and accessible backcountry venues near the Mount Baker Ski Area. Best of all, it contains both maps and photos of many common runs, which have been numbered and named. Finally, it offers users the ability to rate each run as either open or closed. The Mount Baker Backcountry Ski Map is provided to students who participate in a Baker Mountain Guides avalanche course. ### Avalanche Education Again, we cannot overstate the importance of avalanche education and mentorship. Run lists are no guarantee of safety. Decisions regarding which runs to open or close are the sole responsibility of the user. Formal avalanche training is necessary to effectively assess avalanche hazard and relate the hazard to terrain. Very few decisions in the backcountry are black and white, and good judgment before and during a backcountry tour is mandatory for a successful day. Run lists are just another very small part of a very large puzzle. **Categories:** Avalanche Awareness, Tech Tips **Tags:** aiare, Backcountry Skiing, run lists --- ### [2016 Mountain Guide Training](https://bakermountainguides.com/2016-mountain-guide-training/) **Published:** April 13, 2017 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** ### Guide Training Recap Our 2016 Spring Mountain Guide training is in the bag! After a long and productive week, it seems appropriate to reflect, and offer up some thoughts on the experience. As it turns out, Google Analytics is good for something. One of the most visited pages on bakermountainguides.com is our About Page – and rightfully so. Our clients want to know who they are going to be climbing or skiing with. When you choose a guide service, you aren’t so much hiring a guide service as you are hiring a specific guide. Ideally that guide has been vetted, and reflects the culture and standards of the organization he or she works for. In the United States, the American Mountain Guides Association (AMGA) provides 3rd party training and certification for mountain guides. The process is rigorous, and full certification (IFMGA) requires tens of thousands of dollars as well as a multi-year commitment. However, in the US, certification is not a requirement for employment. Often the best guides have a combination of AMGA training/certification as well as hands-on experience and mentorship. ### AMGA Guide Training Disciplines ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/1_Mountain-Guide_training.png)![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2_Mountain-Guide_training.png)![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/3_Mountain-Guide_training.png)![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/4_Mountain-Guide_training.png) At Baker Mountain Guides we specifically hire guides who have a proven commitment to AMGA training and certification. All the guides that we employ regularly are either pursuing or currently hold a certification through the AMGA. Additionally, we offer Continuing Professional Development Credits to assist guides with AMGA tuition. However, it’s also important for guides to understand who we are as an organization, and what our expectations are. Our in-house guide training provides us with the opportunity to orient guides to our operation, refresh and assess critical skills, and provide valuable feedback to help our guides develop in their profession. This year’s training involved 5 days of field time in both rock and alpine environments with Lee Lazzara – our senior IFMGA guide and guide trainer. ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/5_Mountain-Guide_training-1024x768.jpg) Lee works with several well-respected organizations, and guides in Europe during the summer months. He also runs a guide training for several Northwest Guide Services. He designed a Baker Mountain Guides training program to cater to our specific needs. Again, the purpose wasn’t to teach our guides how to guide – that is better left to the AMGA – but to teach them how we would like them to guide in the terrain that we most commonly operate in: Mount Baker. Our guide training fell into the context of client care and risk management. Objectives included short roping on both rock and snow, which is a professionally oriented technique not common among recreational groups. Much attention was paid to alpine transitions as well, which is essentially the art of moving between different rope systems and guiding techniques based on terrain and hazards. The program finished with both crevasse and rock rescue refreshers. As always, Mount Baker was an excellent training environment. Ironically, we chose not to summit Baker, but opted for the East Ridge of Colfax instead. The East Ridge of Colfax is a more challenging objective that forces guides to think outside the box. The Coleman Deming route on Mount Baker would have been a better preview of a common route that we guide, but we are less concerned with our guides knowing a specific route, and more concerned that they have the skills to manage hazard and guide effectively in any terrain that they encounter. ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/6_Mountain-Guide_training-1024x768.jpg) We finished up on Baker with a Crevasse Rescue refresher where we reviewed professional level techniques. Any guide in any glaciated terrain should be very comfortable performing crevasse rescue. Terrain assessment, hazard ID/mitigation, and client care are areas where all guides can improve, however anything less than full fluency in crevasse rescue is unacceptable. ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/7_Mountain-Guide_training-1024x768.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/8_Mountain-Guide_training-768x1024.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/9_Mountain-Guide_training-1024x768.jpg) Our Baker days were sandwiched between two sessions on the cliffs at Mount Erie in Anacortes, where we covered short roping on rock, alpine transitions, and rock rescue. The rock rescue drill that we practice prepares guides to evacuate an injured climber from a vertical environment. This situation is rare, however, working through the challenges of rock rescue prepares guides for problem solving in any technical rope system. Again, the purpose is not to teach a specific drill, but to prepare guides for any terrain or situation they may find themselves in. ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/10_Mountain-Guide_training-768x1024.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/11_Mountain-Guide_training-768x1024.jpg) The result is a team that is well indoctrinated not only to Baker Mountain Guides terrain, but to our culture as well. Training is an important aspect of professionalism in our industry, and all our guides are qualified to operate in the terrain in which they are guiding. Hopefully this post provides some insight into the inner workings of our industry, as well as our approach to pedagogy. These are concepts that we carry over into our guided trips and instructional courses as well. We invite you experience the Baker Mountain Guides difference, and climb with a member of our fantastic crew! **Categories:** Guiding Life, Mountain Training **Tags:** AMGA, Mount Baker, mountain guides, training --- ### [Alpine Start Hoody Review](https://bakermountainguides.com/alpine-start-hoody-review/) **Published:** April 13, 2017 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** To begin, it seems as though softshell clothing is both un-appreciated and under-utilized in the Pacific Northwest. Sure, we’ve got some foul weather that blows through occasionally, but there are plenty of times when softshell clothing not only works, but is actually MORE appropriate for the conditions and the type of activity. You absolutely need a good hardshell when necessary, however, as a mountain guide in the Pacific Northwest, I would have to say that I wear softshells the majority of the time. Of all the softshell jackets that I currently own, or have ever owned, the Black Diamond Alpine Start Hoody is my absolute favorite. The Alpine Start epitomizes stripped down, no frills, minimalism. Its simplicity makes it useful across a broad spectrum of activities and weather conditions. At 8.8 oz., it’s a zero-guilt addition to the pack. I can’t really justify carrying anything else. ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alpine_Start_Hoody_Review_Stowage_Pocket-1024x768.jpg) Let’s start with the material. Black Diamond has chosen to build the Alpine Start Hoody out of Scholler, which is one of my absolute favorite textiles. Scholler breathes nicely, stretches with your body movement, and is much more durable than other materials. Feel free to jam that arm deep into the offwidth. Scholler will come out in one piece. The Scholler is further treated with a NanoSphere coating. NanoSphere provides a surface structure that bonds poorly with dirt, water, and oil. All coatings will wear off over time, but because of the “Nano” application process, NanoSphere holds up significantly better. The material used in the Alpine Start Hoody is only 80g/m2, which is about as light as Scholler gets. Some may scoff at how thin the jacket is, but softshells were designed to breathe well, and protect from light precip and wind. If you’re after insulation, or looking for extra warmth, buy a fleece and layer it underneath. When you’re moving through the mountains, your body is generating an incredible amount of heat. You must let this heat out to maintain performance and comfort levels. The weather may be pleasant, but often requires a minimal amount of protection from things like wind, blowing snow, or light precip. Conditions like these describe about 80% of my field days, and are perfect for the Alpine Start Hoody. When operating on a glacier, we’re always concerned about crevasses as well. You must wear a long sleeve top in the event of a crevasse fall. Summer snow crystals are extremely abrasive, and can do some serious damage to your forearms should you have to self-arrest in a T-shirt. It’s a good argument for light gloves as well (like the BD Trekkers). In the past, I’ve worn a thin wool top, but lately I’ve been pairing the synthetic BD Watchtower with the Alpine Start Hoody. Snow is reflective, and it can get hot on a glacier. The Alpine Start works great as a sun shirt, and the loose fit is cooler and more comfortable than a single layer of wool. It doesn’t make you smell like a wet sheep either. Basically, the Alpine Start Hoody is perfect if it’s too warm to wear a jacket, but necessary because of the weather, or the terrain that you’re moving through. Again, this situation describes most of my days in the mountains. With regards to features, there really isn’t much to say, which is kind of the point. There’s one chest pocket which I do really like. A jacket without a single pocket would drive me crazy. The cuffs are elastic, which do ride up a little bit, but the trade-off would be heavier, Velcro closures. The hood fits helmets very nicely, and cinches down with a couple of hidden pull cords inside the collar. Otherwise the Alpine Start is bare bones. If you’re looking for features, you have more shopping to do. ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alpine_Start_Hoody_Review_Hood-1024x768.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alpine_Start_Hoody_Review_Cuff-1024x768.jpg) Long story short, the Alpine Start Hoody rocks. I have a running joke with my guides where I continually turn to them and say “Have I told you how awesome my jacket is?” It drives them nuts, but they all have an Alpine Start Hoody now. For more information or to purchase, check out the Alpine Start Hoody at [Black Diamond Equipment](http://blackdiamondequipment.com/en/mens-jackets-shells/alpine-start-hoody-APP2S4_cfg.html#q=alpine%2Bstart&start=1) **Categories:** Gear Reviews **Tags:** black diamond, gear reviews --- ### [Black Diamond Partnership](https://bakermountainguides.com/black-diamond-partnership/) **Published:** April 13, 2017 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** Baker Mountain Guides is proud to announce that we are officially a “Black Diamond Recommended Guide Service.” As mountain guides, our jobs, and sometimes our lives depend on the quality of our equipment. As a company of climbers and skiers, Black Diamond understands exactly what we need to get the job done as safely and professionally as possible. We’ve chosen Black Diamond Equipment because it works, and because it lasts. We also love the company ethic. We’ve worked with several different manufacturers over the years, and Black Diamond has by far provided us with the best service. Our questions are quickly answered and our issues are quickly resolved. They know their products inside and out because they use them. Baker Mountain Guides staff and guides will be outfitted in Black Diamond’s line of outerwear and apparel. Clothing was a big motivating factor in choosing Black Diamond, and we are excited that they are building garments with quality, proven materials such as Gore-Tex waterproof membranes and Schoeller softshell fabric. The Pacific Northwest throws some burly weather at us from time to time, and durable stormproof barriers are a must. If you’re interested in purchasing any black diamond clothing or equipment and have questions, feel free to get in touch. Otherwise, look for us up on the Baker-horn. We’ll be rocking our BD. **Categories:** Gear Reviews **Tags:** black diamond, gear --- ### [Reflections from the Rope Line](https://bakermountainguides.com/reflections-rope-line/) **Published:** April 13, 2017 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** Greg Morgan climbed Mt. Baker as a guest with Baker Mountain Guides. He has written a thoughtful account of his experience on his personal blog, and graciously permitted us to share and re-post his words here. To read more of Greg’s writings, please visit his Blog: [Midlife Sabbatical](https://midlifesabbatical.wordpress.com/) --- One of my great delights this summer has been a climb of Mount Baker (10,781’) in northwest Washington, a mountain that one guide book describes as “pound for pound, the iciest of the Cascade volcanoes.” My climb was blessed by fabulous companions, expert guides, and perfect weather, and it left me with wonderful memories that will be food for joyful reflection for years to come. The journey from base camp (around 6,000’) to the summit is really just a long walk, requiring no rock-climbing skills. The catch, of course, is that the route is over snow and ice virtually all the way, in places quite steep, and much of it over the top of an active glacier. The use of an ice ax and crampons (snow spikes attached to one’s boots) are essential, and we were roped together in teams of four for the entire duration (except for on the broad, flat summit). A few interesting reflections rose for me as I climbed and descended this mountain in unison with the three other companions on my rope line. The chief purpose of the rope line was captured perfectly in the book of Ecclesiastes more than 2000 years ago: “Two are better than one, for their partnership yields this advantage: if one falls, the other can help his companion up again” (Eccl. 4:10). And four are better than two, for if one falls there are three to help. We had all practiced self-arrest techniques the previous day, in which the ice ax is used to stop a slide on steep snow. But one’s confidence is increased immeasurably by knowing that others are there to help break any such fall and help out as needed. It is much easier to attempt new goals that feel risky when one is surrounded by community. For much of the climb we were “on the long rope,” separated from each other by thirty feet or so (as pictured above). Most of the rope between any two climbers should glide along the surface of the snow in a straight line, with no excess slack. Each climber should be able to move fairly independently, but the rope should become taut immediately in the event anything unexpected happens. This tension is never maintained perfectly, but we were taught the motto “better to be a jerk than a slacker.” The lesson I take from this: when living in a community, maintaining space and boundaries are important, but it’s better to be in a little too frequent contact than to drift apart and lose touch. During one long, easy part of the descent, I was in the lead position on the second rope. My companion Bruce was in the back position on the first rope, close enough to begin a conversation. We drew closer to each other to be able to speak more easily, but the guide on my rope called out “Greg, maintain the same distance from Bruce as we are keeping between those of us on this rope.” I replied, “Will do, but I am curious as to why.” He replied, “This is an active glacier, and one can never tell for sure when one might be walking on a snow bridge over a crevasse. We never want two people walking over a snow bridge at the same time – it increases the risk of a bridge failing, as well as the consequences.” Clearly, sometimes there are more reasons than we realize for maintaining healthy spacing between us! Still, there are also times for pulling together more closely, and in climbing this is called “short roping.” In this technique, the climbers have only about eight feet between them, and the goal, in the words of our guide, is to “behave as a single organism.” The rope has little slack, so that any slip can be stopped quickly. We used this technique when climbing “the Roman Wall,” a slope of snow that increases from a 20% grade to 40% in the course of ascending 800 vertical feet. We moved with synchronized steps, each climber utilizing the prints of the person just ahead to ensure good footing. We found a pace that we could all sustain comfortably, and then we ascended steadily—as one organism. One climbing site opined that the chief advantage of this method is psychological: “Short-roping greatly increases the climbers’ confidence. As a result they are more relaxed and concentrate better on secure footing, thus greatly reducing the probability that they fall.” This accurately described my own experience, especially during the more challenging descent of the Roman Wall, where I was in the lead—the comforting, encouraging chatter from my rope-mates right behind me really settled my nerves and helped me focus on placing my feet and ice ax. The immediate tug of the rope I felt on the one or two occasions where I slipped a bit reminded me of the extra security my companions were providing me and further enabled me to be a better climber. As one living, breathing, communicating, moving organism, we descended safely down the steepest pitches of the wall and back to easier terrain. Life on the short rope, or any rope—literal or figurative—can only be sustained comfortably for so long. We all instinctively desire independence in our movements and actions, so it felt good to move back to the long rope after completing the steepest part of the descent, and even better to shed the ropes completely once we got off the snow. We also feel best living in a place with sufficient security that such protective measures aren’t generally necessary, so, as always, I began to breathe a little more easily once I returned to the comforts of civilization. Knowing how many people in the world today live without the basic security I enjoy, I recognize what a luxury it is to be able to undertake such adventures voluntarily. But I am nonetheless grateful for the opportunity this climb provided me to experience living in close community in an entirely different way. And I don’t need to stay tied in to a rope line in order to try to apply these lessons to living in community every day. **Categories:** Mountain Culture, Route Profiles **Tags:** Climbing, Mount Baker --- ### [The Devil You Know – Green Creek Traverse](https://bakermountainguides.com/devil-know-green-creek-traverse/) **Published:** April 13, 2017 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** My husband is a mountain guide and a business owner, John Minier of Baker Mountain Guides to be exact. He typically works weekends and every hour of every day when he is home. I work a normal 9-5 Monday-Friday job. We rarely have the same days off. So when the opportunity presented itself for both of us to have two consecutive days off in a row, we jumped on it, even though John had just come off a trip that previous night and was exhausted. This is how most stories that don’t have the fairy tale ending start. The Twin Sisters Range has long held a soft spot in my heart. Close to home, virtually devoid of humans, and largely wild and untamed. For several years now, we have been venturing into this area. This year we wanted to try to complete a traverse of the Green Creek Glacier, linking up multiple peaks along the way. It’s not a hard or long traverse. It can be done in less than two days, presuming you have the right weather. Our favorite way to access the area is via the Elbow Lake Trail from the Middle Fork of the Nooksack. At only 45 minutes from our door, it’s the closest access for these kinds of adventures, plus you get an AWESOME bushwhack through neck deep, unbelievably dense blueberry bushes. As the crow flies the bushwhack is a mile or less, but it sure does feel a lot longer when all you can see is the blueberry branch in front of you, hour after hour. What keeps you going is the occasional view of the valley ahead. ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2_Devil_you_know_Green_Creek-1024x576.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/3_Devil_you_know_Green_Creek-1024x576.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/4_Devil_you_know_Green_Creek-1024x576.jpg) We got a late start, were on the trail around 11am, and at the base of the Green Creek Arête around 130pm. After some excellent scrambling and low 5th class climbing up the Arête, we topped out, pleased to find that the loose talus that dominates the area was still covered in snow. Both John and I were also grateful that some afternoon clouds had moved in and cooled the solar cooker that we were currently walking through. However, the clouds quickly turned into more than just shade. By the time we reached the base of the South Twin it was raining, not hard per se, but constant. We continued up the South Twin Sister in the rain, through some of the most fun scrambling I’ve done in the range yet. We topped out around 630pm, hoping to bivy on the summit. The view to the west was a black wall of water. Thanks NOAA. ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/5_Devil_you_know_Green_Creek-1024x576.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/6_Devil_you_know_Green_Creek-1024x576.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/7_Devil_you_know_Green_Creek-1024x576.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/8_Devil_you_know_Green_Creek-1024x576.jpg) For those of you who live in the Pacific Northwest, this is a more common experience than one would like. NOAA will call for clear sunny skies and what you’ll actually get is rain. That’s all well and good if you have the right gear for it. We however did not. We had planned on going fast and light. We were going to sleep under the stars sans tent or hardshell jackets, and in my case my NeoAir sleeping pad. We poked around the summit of the South Twin Sister for a few minutes and pondered just going for it. If we kept moving, we could be over Jaw’s Tooth and Skookum before dark and we could just keep going until the storm (hopefully) passed. As John so keenly stated though, do you take the devil you know or the devil you don’t? The devil we knew involved scrambling back down the South Twin Sister, and rappelling and scrambling down the Green Creek Arête…on wet rock. Then there was the walk down the Field of Dreams – a 1000 vertical foot talus slope sometimes covered in sand and dirt. It’s a total disaster as far as walking is concerned. Many a people have lost some skin here. None of the rocks actually fit together, so pretty much everything you step on moves, no matter what size the rock. I’ve spent a lot of time on the Field of Dreams from my other trips into the range, so I have a sort of kindred relationship with the hellish slope. We chose the devil we knew. We debated pushing out to the car that night. It was already after 9pm and we still had some awesome bushwhacking to do. Instead, we opted to camp in the basin at what I lovingly call “The Spa.” I’d been there before on a previous altered mission and luckily was able to find it again. It’s this nice camp spot in the bottom of the basin with two springs of fresh running water, and awesome sandy bivy spots amongst huge boulders. One of them was overhanging just enough to protect us from the rain. Unfortunately I had chosen not to bring my NeoAir sleeping pad. John, being the gentleman that he is offered me his. However, being the stubborn woman I am, I declined, purporting that I needed to learn my lesson. We woke up early (John well rested and me exhausted from a rough night on the dirt) and stopped at the Refugio for a scone and coffee. We were home by 1030am. John and I were both a bit disheartened because the weather that morning was perfect, and we have very much wanted to complete the traverse. Sometimes in those moments when you make the choice to turn around you forget the awesome journey that brought you to where you were. We had perfect weather the entire way in and made it to the top of the South Twin Sister, which neither of us had done before. We had a wonderful night out in one of the most beautiful basins in the area and we made it out safely. We ended up grateful for the experience despite not being able to complete the objective. For us, everything is a work-life balance, and the balance is tricky. The scale seems to tip to the work side more often than not. We ended up with the best of both worlds this weekend. We got home early and were able to spend the evening on the river with our pup Tatlow playing fetch and chasing bunny rabbits! And besides, if we have completed the entire traverse, what would we do next year? **Categories:** Route Profiles **Tags:** Climbing, Guides Day Off --- ### [Baker Mountain Guides Crusher Award](https://bakermountainguides.com/baker_mountain_guides_crusher_award/) **Published:** April 13, 2017 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** May I present to you the Baker Mountain Guides Crusher Award. We’ve never given one before, and we may never give out another one again. We rarely post about specific clients or trips because each trip is an expression of the hard work and passion of each of our clients. There is so much joy to share from each adventure. However, this past month, we had the pleasure and honor of accompanying Michael Hannan on his successful summits of both Mount Baker via the Coleman-Deming Route and Mount Shuksan via the Fisher Chimneys Route. So he climbed both peaks in a week, no big deal right? Read on. Michael is 70 years old and fit as a fox. He drove up here from Salt Lake City, climbed Mount Baker and Colfax Peak in two-days (which is normally a three day climb), took a day off, and then climbed Mount Shuksan in two days (which we normally like to do in four). And he crushed it. He carried a heavy pack and kept a pace that most thirty-year-olds would be envious of. It was a truly inspirational experience for me. I found myself repeatedly reminding myself throughout our two days on Shuksan that this guy was 70 years old. Michael will tell you himself, you cannot let age be an excuse. Michael is an avid hiker from the Wasatch Range of Utah and began mountaineering at the age of sixty: yes sixty years old. He has a family and is retired from a career as a pilot. For those of you who know the Fisher Chimneys route on Mt. Shuksan, it’s a party now – pay later trail. Right from the get go, you descend 800 feet down into the Swift Creek Valley. This is fine on the way in, but it means you must hike up the same 800 feet of vertical at the end or your trip. Our last day was a hot one. As we exited the Fisher Chimneys onto the snow fields at Lake Ann, we all started to cook like turkeys in a rotisserie. Michael however, is a fan of Robert W. Service poetry and kept us sane by reciting “The Ballad of Blasphemous Bill.” It took near 10 minutes for him to recite the entire poem, and I can’t imagine that he missed nary a word. Truly beautiful and amazing. This was immediately followed by snow angels at Lake Ann and glissading down the basin back towards Swift Creek. I remember looking back uphill and seeing this 70-year old man glissading with this huge smile on his face. He was having the time of his life and I felt so grateful to be able to share it with him. ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1_Baker_Mountain_Guides_Crusher_Award-1024x576.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2_Baker_Mountain_Guides_Crusher_Award-1024x576.jpg) ![](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/3_Baker_Mountain_Guides_Crusher_Award-1024x576.jpg) We trudged on, punching through warming snow bridges to our final major crossing of Swift Creek. The whole week prior had been warm and I could hear the creek roaring from a ways away. I knew that is was potentially too high to cross, and that we might have to bushwhack through shallow snowpack back to the head of the valley. Not a fun prospect for the end of your trip. We got to the creek and the normal crossing was, in fact, too high. I looked upstream and found a slightly mellower place to cross, but there were no rocks or logs. We were just going to have to ford the creek. Michael looks back to John and says, “Why not? It’s the only thing we haven’t done so far!” Michael is probably tired of people commenting on what a crusher he is. No matter. He’s earned this award. He was a joy and an inspiration to spend two days in the mountains with and it’s a trip I will never forget! Thank you, Michael! **Categories:** Route Profiles **Tags:** Climbing, Mount Shuksan, route profiles --- ### [Pre-Rigging for Glacier Travel](https://bakermountainguides.com/pre-rigging-for-glacier-travel/) **Published:** April 13, 2017 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** ### Glacier Travel This last weekend I had the good fortune to summit Mt. Rainier with my wife, Jenni via the Winthrop Glacier – Emmons route. During our descent, I noticed another rope team that had decided to pre-rig chest harnesses so that they would remain upright in the event of a crevasse fall. This made me think a lot about what different types of systems people pre-rig, and more importantly, why. Standard glacier travel technique involves tying team-mates together a certain distance apart. These distances are based on how wide the crevasses are, and are referred to as “rope intervals.” These rope intervals change depending on where you are in the world, and what kind of crevasse hazard you are dealing with, but typically they range anywhere from 35 ft. to 60 ft. This method of travel is called “long-roping” and its primary purpose is to mitigate crevasse falls. Once you are set up for glacier travel, you can pre-rig if you choose. “Pre-rig” is simply short for “pre-rigging,” and refers to additional glacier travel systems over and above long roping. Typically, pre-rigs are used to help facilitate crevasse rescue should someone fall in, and include methods to expedite hauling, ascending the rope, etc. Again, what kind of pre-rigging you do depends on what kinds of hazards you are expecting. ### Pre-Rigging Open any glaciated mountaineering “How To” book these days, and you’re bound to see various types of pre-rigs. Take a trip through the mountains and you’ll find that just about everyone has a different idea for how to pre-rig for glacier travel. It appears the point of pre-rigging is being missed. How you pre-rig should reflect the anticipated crevasse fall hazards. I don’t often pre-rig my rope when climbing in the Cascades. I find that there are simply too many variables to decide which pre-rig to use, and the situation you find yourself in may require a different pre-rig than the one you have set up. However, there are situations where a pre-rig may be useful. There are also some pre-rigs that can’t hurt, and others that need to be used with caution. I think the most effective pre-rig is simply a prusik tied to the rope in front of the climber, and attached to the belay loop with a locking carabiner, in a non-loading orientation. Basically, this means that if the rope is loaded (like in a crevasse fall) the force transfers directly to the harness without loading the prusik. This pre-rig is the most general, and applies to the most situations. There are countless applications, including rope interval management, crevasse rescue, and fixed line ascension. I often see Texas Prusiks, or some other form of rope ascension pre-rigged as well. Can’t hurt, that’s for sure. Being able to climb out of a crack is important, especially if your team mates aren’t savvy with crevasse rescue. However, best practice would be to wait until your team mates have constructed an anchor before you begin ascending the rope. This would give you plenty of time to set up your prusiks. My main complaint with pre-rigged ascending systems is that they get in the way if you’re not the one who fell in, and more time is wasted de-rigging and re-rigging the appropriate system. Finally, to address the climbers on Rainier who pre-rigged with chest harnesses. This system would have the rope tied into the climber’s harness, and then travel up through the chest harness and onto the next climber in front. This isn’t a great idea, and to understand why, let’s make a priority list of hazards. First, chest harnesses are utilized once a climber has fallen into the crack. They help keep the body upright, which can be CRITICAL if the victim is hanging for a long period of time. Typically, they are important when you are carrying an enormous pack and/or there is the possibility that the victim could be knocked unconscious. This is a big “IF.” The problem is that hanging upside down in a crevasse is way down the list of potential hazards, and by pre-rigging chest harnesses, you greatly reduce your ability to arrest a crevasse fall in the first place. Clipping the rope through the chest harness moves the applied force further away from our feet, which are typically the anchor when we self-arrest. This creates a longer lever arm, which applies more load to the rescuers. If we can’t catch a crevasse fall, the pre-rig we choose to use is irrelevant. However, I’m not saying that you would never pre-rig a chest harness. If you’re carrying large packs, dealing with giant cracks, and you know that the leader is the most likely team member to fall in, then that individual may want to pre-rig with a chest harness. What’s important is that we are thinking critically about the hazards, and attempting to mitigate them with the appropriate techniques. **Categories:** Tech Tips **Tags:** glacier travel, Mountaineering, tech tips --- ## Pages ### [Home](https://bakermountainguides.com/) **Published:** May 22, 2014 **Author:** ClickMonster **Content:** # explore your world [](#main-content) # explore your world [](#main-content) ## OUR ADVENTURES Ready for the trip of a lifetime? Our personalized outdoor adventures are all designed with the same goal in mind: *Inspiration*. [](/adventures?filter=mountaineering#main-content)MOUNTAINEERING Explore Adventures [](/adventures?filter=rock-climbing#main-content)ROCK CLIMBING Explore Adventures [](/adventures?filter=skiing-splitboarding#main-content)SKIING & SPLITBOARDING Explore Adventures ## OUR COURSES Engaging, immersive, and filled with practical field work, our courses are as rewarding as they are educational. [![Mountaineering courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/mountaineering-icon.png)](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses?filter=course-mountaineering) [MOUNTAINEERING](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses?filter=course-mountaineering) [![Rock climbing courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/rock-climbing-icon.png)](/courses?filter=course-rock-climbing) [ROCK CLIMBING](/courses?filter=course-rock-climbing) [![Skiing and split boarding courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/skiing-splitboard-icon.png)](/courses?filter=course-skiing-splitboarding) [SKIING & SPLITBOARDING](/courses?filter=course-skiing-splitboarding) [![Avalanche courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/avalanche-icon.png)](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses?filter=avalanche) [AVALANCHE](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses?filter=avalanche) ## ABOUT US At Baker Mountain Guides, we think everyone should have the opportunity to explore their world — and be inspired by what they find. [LEARN MORE](https://bakermountainguides.com/about/) ![](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27800%27%20height%3D%27441%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20800%20441%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27800%27%20height%3D%27441%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) ## ABOUT US At Baker Mountain Guides, we think everyone should have the opportunity to explore their world — and be inspired by what they find. [LEARN MORE](https://bakermountainguides.com/about/) ![](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/logo-mark-lg-2.png "logo-mark-lg-2") ## RECENT BLOG POSTS [](/pre-rigging-for-glacier-travel)PRE-RIGGING FOR GLACIER TRAVEL View Blog Posts [](/baker-mountain-guides-crusher-award)BAKER MOUNTAIN GUIDES CRUSHER AWARD View Blog Posts ![Contact](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/home-contact-icon.png "contact-icon") ## Talk With A Guide Have questions about what your adventure or course has in store? Speak with one of our expert guides today. [CONTACT US](/contact/#contact-form/ "CONTACT US") --- ### [Courses](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/) **Published:** June 12, 2014 **Author:** ClickMonster **Content:** # Skills that empower adventurers [](#main-content) Search for: - [All](#) - [Avalanche](#) - [Mountaineering](#) - [Skiing & Splitboarding](#) - [ View Course ](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/crevasse-rescue-course/)###### Alpine Tech ## [Crevasse Rescue Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/crevasse-rescue-course/) - [ View Course ](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/glacier-skills-course/)###### Alpine Tech ## [Glacier Skills Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/glacier-skills-course/) - [ View Course ](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/intro-to-mountaineering-course/)###### Alpine Tech ## [Intro to Mountaineering Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/intro-to-mountaineering-course/) - [ View Course ](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/steep-ski-mountaineering-course/)###### Backcountry Tech ## [Steep Ski Mountaineering Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/steep-ski-mountaineering-course/) - [ View Course ](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/glaciated-ski-mountaineering-course/)###### Backcountry Tech ## [Glaciated Ski Mountaineering Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/glaciated-ski-mountaineering-course/) - [ View Course ](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/intro-to-backcountry-skiing-course/)###### Backcountry Tech ## [Intro to Backcountry Skiing Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/intro-to-backcountry-skiing-course/) - [ View Course ](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/backcountry-skiing-pro-course/)###### Backcountry Pro ## [Backcountry Skiing Pro Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/backcountry-skiing-pro-course/) - [ View Course ](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/)###### Avalanche Education ## [AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/) - [ View Course ](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-avalanche-rescue-course/)###### Avalanche Education ## [AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-avalanche-rescue-course/) - [ View Course ](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-2-avalanche-course/)###### Avalanche Education ## [AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-2-avalanche-course/) --- ### [Contact](https://bakermountainguides.com/contact/) **Published:** June 12, 2014 **Author:** ClickMonster **Content:** # Your Adventure Starts Here [](#main-content) ### Contact Us Phone (360) 319-1160 Address 2025 James Street, Ste 103 Bellingham, WA 98225 Social [](https://www.facebook.com/mtbakerguides "Facebook")[](https://www.instagram.com/bakerguides/ "Instagram")[](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdD_eprSRoEokIZADJlgT-w "YouTube") ### Join Our Team We’re always looking for passionate and personable individuals with a demonstrated commitment to the profession of guiding. **** ## Contact Us "\*" indicates required fields URL This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Name\* FIRST NAME LAST NAME EMAIL\* PHONE\* MESSAGE\* CAPTCHA Δ --- ### [Adventures](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/) **Published:** June 12, 2014 **Author:** ClickMonster **Content:** # mountain adventures that inspire [](#main-content) Search for: - [All](#) - [Mountaineering](#) - [Rock Climbing](#) - [Skiing & Splitboarding](#) - [ View Adventure ](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/easton-glacier/)###### Mount Baker ## [Easton Glacier](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/easton-glacier/) - [ View Adventure ](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/coleman-deming/)###### Mount Baker ## [Coleman Deming](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/coleman-deming/) - [ View Adventure ](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/north-ridge/)###### Mount Baker ## [North Ridge](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/north-ridge/) - [ View Adventure ](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/north-twin-sister/)###### Twin Sisters ## [North Twin Sister](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/north-twin-sister/) - [ View Adventure ](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-erie-rock-climbing/)###### Washington ## [Mount Erie Rock Climbing](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-erie-rock-climbing/) - [ View Adventure ](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-baker-backcountry-skiing/)###### Washington ## [Mount Baker Backcountry Skiing](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-baker-backcountry-skiing/) - [ View Adventure ](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/twin-sisters-backcountry-skiing-2/)###### Washington ## [Twin Sisters Backcountry Skiing](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/twin-sisters-backcountry-skiing-2/) - [ View Adventure ](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-baker-ski-descents/)###### Washington ## [Mount Baker Ski Descents](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-baker-ski-descents/) - [ View Adventure ](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/twin-sisters-backcountry-skiing/)###### Alaska ## [Valdez Ski Mountaineering](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/twin-sisters-backcountry-skiing/) - [ View Adventure ](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/japan-backcountry-skiing/)###### International ## [Japan Backcountry Skiing](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/japan-backcountry-skiing/) *"Thanks again for the knowledge and professionalism you bring – along with the fun and relaxed attitude! I definitely want to do more classes and will recommend you guys to anyone I know."* **Travis** - Mt. Baker Ice Climbing *"As an experienced hiker and climber, I appreciate safety, preparedness, and enthusiasm. I can find no better example of these qualities than Baker Mountain Guides."* **Michael** - Mt. Baker & Mt. Shuksan Combo *"Safety was important to our group, and John delivered with perfection. We went out on high-risk days and were never exposed. At the same time, we had blower POW on every run for 3 days!"* **Jeff** - Backcountry Skiing *"Had a crazy awesome climb of Mt Baker’s North Ridge! John was a jovial, expert guide who always had the safety of his clients as a top priority. Baker Mountain Guides is a must."* **Mark** — Mt. Baker | North Ridge ![]( "travis_testimonial_img-2") ![]( "michael_testimonial_img") ![]( "jeff_testimonial_img-3") ![]( "mark_testimonial_img-2") ![Contact](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/home-contact-icon.png "contact-icon") ## PLAN YOUR TRIP Ready for your own inspiring mountain adventure? Contact us today to begin planning your trip. [CONTACT US](/contact/#contact-form/ "CONTACT US") --- ### [About](https://bakermountainguides.com/about/) **Published:** June 12, 2014 **Author:** ClickMonster **Content:** # we make adventure possible [](#main-content) ## We Are Baker Baker Mountain Guides is a family owned and operated company based in Bellingham, WA. This is a region marked by serrated peaks, immense glaciers, and the world’s most abundant snowfall. It’s a backdrop that practically cries out for adventure. At Baker, we make that adventure possible. In both our adventures and courses, our focus is always on you, our guest. Our deep, local knowledge and flexible approach enable us to personalize your trip for a truly unique experience. Beyond adventure, we give you the opportunity to make unexpected and inspiring discoveries—both on the mountain and within yourself. ![Baker Mountain Guides](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27682%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201024%20682%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27682%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) ## Our Values ##### Wisdom Our depth of experience is leveraged through practical insight and understanding. ##### Reliability We can be counted on to make good on our commitments—and beyond—without fail. ##### Flexibility We are dynamic and accommodating, quickly adapting to changing needs and conditions. ##### Courage We are confident in our abilities and exhibit bravery in the face of danger. ##### Empathy We have compassion for those we serve, and assist them however needed. ##### Stewardship We are obligated to act responsibly regarding the environment in which we work. ## Beyond Adventure Baker Mountain Guides creates meaningful life experiences for those we serve through guided mountain adventures and courses centered on safety and environmental stewardship. [Play Video](#) ## Stewardship At Baker, we work to keep the wilderness wild by partnering with organizations to promote conservation and citizen science programs. We promote Leave No Trace principals, and practice what we preach. We always leave the landscape in better shape than we found it, and help teach future generations to do the same. ![](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/wildwhatcom-1-300x72.png) ### Wild Whatcom Wild Whatcom helps kids become healthy, engaged citizens who care about the earth and relish the outdoors. Baker Mountain Guides partners with Wild Whatcom in introducing children to mountain ecosystems and inspiring outdoor adventures. [VIEW WEBSITE](http://www.wildwhatcom.org/) ![](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/kodner.png) ### Kodner Lab Dr. Robin Kodner is doing important work with local microalgae communities. Baker Mountain Guides takes pride in helping her team collect samples from around the North Cascades, as well as supporting its Citizen Science Program. [VIEW WEBSITE](https://kodnerlab.wordpress.com/research/algae-alpine-research-blog/) ![](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/conserve-nw.png) ### Conservation Northwest Conservation Northwest protects old-growth forests and other wildlands, connects large landscapes and vital habitats, and restores native wildlife. Baker Mountain Guides is proud to play a role in the organization’s critical mission. [VIEW WEBSITE](http://www.conservationnw.org/) ## OUR GUIDES [](#) View Bio [](#) View Bio [](#) View Bio [](#) View Bio ### [John Minier](#) ### [Kyle Dungan](#) ### [Matt Sellick](#) ### [Nick Vincent](#) [](#) View Bio [](#) View Bio [](#) View Bio [](#) View Bio ### [Gregg Oliveri](#) ### [Jenni Minier](#) ### [Derek Esposito](#) ### [Julie Ann Holder](#) ## Our Partners [![](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/backcountry.jpg)](http://www.backcountryessentials.net/) [![](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/blackdiamond.png)](http://www.blackdiamondequipment.com/en_US/homepage) [![](https://bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/akt-logo.png)](http://www.anacorteskayaktours.com/) --- ### [Blog Page](https://bakermountainguides.com/blog-page/) **Published:** May 12, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Content:** - [](https://bakermountainguides.com/understanding-avalanche-bulletins/)READ FULL POST # Understanding Avalanche Bulletins - [](https://bakermountainguides.com/levels-of-avalanche-courses/)READ FULL POST # Levels of Avalanche Courses - [](https://bakermountainguides.com/how-much-does-avalanche-course-cost/)READ FULL POST # How Much Does an Avalanche Course Cost? - [](https://bakermountainguides.com/northwest-avalanche-school/)READ FULL POST # Northwest Avalanche School - [](https://bakermountainguides.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-backcountry-skiing/)READ FULL POST # The Ultimate Guide to Backcountry Skiing - [](https://bakermountainguides.com/backcountryskiing-courses/)READ FULL POST # Backcountry Skiing Courses 1[2](https://bakermountainguides.com/page/2/)[Next](https://bakermountainguides.com/page/2/) Load More Posts --- ### [Thank You (MailChimp)](https://bakermountainguides.com/thank-you-mailchimp/) **Published:** December 8, 2020 **Author:** ClickMonster **Content:** ![We Are Baker](/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/we-are-baker.png) ### Thank You We appreciate your interest in Baker Mountain Guides. You will recieve our next newsletter. In the meantime, check out the latest news from the mountain at our blog! [View Blog ](/blog) --- ### [Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update](https://bakermountainguides.com/coronavirus-covid-19-update/) **Published:** June 2, 2020 **Author:** John Minier **Content:** ## Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update Baker Mountain Guides is excited to announce that we have restarted operations in accordance with Washington State’s Safe Start guidance and phased approach to reopening businesses. As community members and guides, we have been showing our support for public health by refraining from mountain adventures throughout the Stay Home, Stay Healthy order. As professionals, we intend to model a responsible return the mountains that includes COVID-19 specific Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and modified operations. As an organization, our purpose is to “*Make Adventure Possible*.” During the COVID-19 pandemic, our purpose challenges us to mitigate the risk of contracting Coronavirus while creating meaningful life experiences for those we serve. Like you, we have struggled with adjusting to a new normal that threatens both our physical and mental health. Now, more than ever, we need responsible connection with each other, as well as with the beautiful world in which we live. *“Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. Nature’s peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. The winds will blow their own freshness into you, and the storms their energy, while cares will drop away from you like the leaves of Autumn.”* *– John Muir* --- ### COVID-19 Risks Could you contract Coronavirus on a Baker Mountain Guides program? Well, the short answer is “*yes*.” We can only mitigate risk, we cannot eliminate it entirely. We believe in finding a conservative balance between risk and reward that allows us to reclaim some parts of who we are and what we love. However, reward will never take priority over risk. For the last couple of months, we have been reflecting on our relationship with COVID-19, as well as keeping up to date with current findings and recommendations from the [Centers for Disease Control](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html) (CDC) and the [World Health Organization](https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019) (WHO). In an effort to better protect the health of our employees and clientele we have developed and implemented a comprehensive COVID-19 Operations Plan. Our clients can expect clear communication as well as subtle changes throughout all aspects of our programs, from pre-trip health screenings on the front-end to equipment cleaning and disinfection on the back. --- ### Open Activities Baker Mountain Guides has assessed all aspects of our operations to identify COVID-19 hazards, as well as mitigation strategies. Based on this assessment, we will initially be offering programs within the following categories: - Backcountry Skiing / Ski Mountaineering - Glaciated Mountaineering - Alpine Rock Climbing Unfortunately, single and multi-pitch rock climbing programs are closed until further notice. Currently, all programs occurring within Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest and North Cascades National Park are operational. Our Mount Rainier programs have been postponed one year, and our next availability is not until 2022. Please contact us regarding the status of international programs. --- ### COVID-19 Program Policies Baker Mountain Guides clients will have the option to postpone their program as per our [COVID-19 Program Policies](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/COVID-19-Program-Policies.pdf). We encourage individuals who are at a higher risk of complications from COVID-19 to carefully consider their risk-factors before booking their adventure or course. --- Please feel free to [Contact Us](https://www.bakermountainguides.com/contact/) with any specific questions. Thanks again for choosing Baker Mountain Guides. We appreciate your patronage, and we look forward to “*Recreating Responsibly”* with you. – Owners, John & Jenni Minier --- ### [Thank You (Contact Page)](https://bakermountainguides.com/contact-thank-you/) **Published:** June 5, 2017 **Author:** ClickMonster **Content:** ![We Are Baker](/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/we-are-baker.png) ### Thank You We appreciate your interest in Baker Mountain Guides. One of our team members will return your message shortly. In the meantime, check out the latest news from the mountain at our blog! [View Blog ](/blog) --- ### [Program Rates](https://bakermountainguides.com/program-rates/) **Published:** April 21, 2017 **Author:** ClickMonster **Content:** ## Program Rates Baker Mountain Guides offers both scheduled and custom programs. Custom programs are simply above and beyond what Baker Mountain Guides currently has scheduled. They don’t necessarily have to be private (1:1), and correspondingly, scheduled courses are not always less expensive. Before booking a trip with Baker Mountain Guides, clients are encouraged to review the differences between these types of programs, and to decide what works best for them. --- ### Scheduled Programs Scheduled Programs have fixed dates, itineraries, objectives, curriculum, and costs. They typically appeal to solo individuals or small groups or who are looking to share the cost of their program with a larger group. Correspondingly, scheduled programs are less expensive for smaller groups (1-2), and they provide the opportunity to meet others with similar interests. If you have a large group (3+), Scheduled programs will often be more expensive. They can fill up quickly, and scheduling flexibility is obviously limited. Scheduled programs will have advertised dates. All scheduled programs can be run as custom programs with custom dates/rates as well. --- ### Custom Programs Custom programs have scheduling freedom. They typically appeal to those who would like some flexibility in planning their own trip or course. In this regard, Itineraries and objectives can be tailored to suit current conditions as well as client goals. Custom programs are normally less expensive for larger groups (3+). If you have a small group (1-2) custom programs will be more expensive. Custom programs will not have advertised dates. ### Custom Rates Rates are based on client to guide ratio, and assessed per day. Program1:12:13:14:1Day Programs$500$400$350$325Overnight Programs$850$500$400$350 --- ## Adventures ### [North Twin Sister](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/north-twin-sister/) **Published:** April 3, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Mountaineering --- ### [Coleman Deming](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/coleman-deming/) **Published:** March 11, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Mountaineering --- ### [Easton Glacier](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/easton-glacier/) **Published:** March 11, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Mountaineering --- ### [Twin Sisters Backcountry Skiing](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/twin-sisters-backcountry-skiing-2/) **Published:** April 2, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Skiing & Splitboarding --- ### [Mount Erie Rock Climbing](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-erie-rock-climbing/) **Published:** May 6, 2026 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Rock Climbing --- ### [North Ridge](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/north-ridge/) **Published:** March 13, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Mountaineering --- ### [Valdez Ski Mountaineering](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/twin-sisters-backcountry-skiing/) **Published:** April 2, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Skiing & Splitboarding --- ### [Japan Backcountry Skiing](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/japan-backcountry-skiing/) **Published:** April 2, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Skiing & Splitboarding --- ### [Mount Baker Backcountry Skiing](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-baker-backcountry-skiing/) **Published:** March 31, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Skiing & Splitboarding --- ### [Mount Baker Ski Descents](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures/mount-baker-ski-descents/) **Published:** March 31, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Skiing & Splitboarding --- ## Courses ### [AIARE Level 1 Avalanche Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-1-avalanche-course/) **Published:** April 17, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Avalanche --- ### [Glaciated Ski Mountaineering Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/glaciated-ski-mountaineering-course/) **Published:** April 17, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Skiing & Splitboarding --- ### [Steep Ski Mountaineering Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/steep-ski-mountaineering-course/) **Published:** April 17, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Skiing & Splitboarding --- ### [Crevasse Rescue Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/crevasse-rescue-course/) **Published:** April 17, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Mountaineering --- ### [Glacier Skills Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/glacier-skills-course/) **Published:** April 22, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Mountaineering --- ### [Intro to Mountaineering Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/intro-to-mountaineering-course/) **Published:** April 22, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Mountaineering --- ### [AIARE Avalanche Rescue Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-avalanche-rescue-course/) **Published:** April 17, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Avalanche --- ### [AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/aiare-level-2-avalanche-course/) **Published:** April 10, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Avalanche --- ### [Backcountry Skiing Pro Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/backcountry-skiing-pro-course/) **Published:** April 8, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Skiing & Splitboarding --- ### [Intro to Backcountry Skiing Course](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses/intro-to-backcountry-skiing-course/) **Published:** April 10, 2025 **Author:** ClickMonster **Categories:** Skiing & Splitboarding --- ## Categories ### [Avalanche Awareness](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/avalanche-awareness/) --- ### [Tech Tips](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/tech-tips/) --- ### [Route Profiles](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/route-profiles/) --- ### [Guiding Life](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/guiding-life/) --- ### [Mountain Training](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/mountain-training/) --- ### [Gear Reviews](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/gear-reviews/) --- ### [Mountain Culture](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/mountain-culture/) --- ### [Uncategorized](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/uncategorized/) --- ### [Stewardship](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/stewardship/) --- ### [Climbing Ethics](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/climbing-ethics/) --- ### [Land Management](https://bakermountainguides.com/category/land-management/) --- ## Categories ### [Mountaineering](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures_category/mountaineering/) --- ### [Rock Climbing](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures_category/rock-climbing/) --- ### [Skiing & Splitboarding](https://bakermountainguides.com/adventures_category/skiing-splitboarding/) --- ## Categories ### [Avalanche](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses_category/avalanche/) --- ### [Mountaineering](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses_category/course-mountaineering/) --- ### [Skiing & Splitboarding](https://bakermountainguides.com/courses_category/course-skiing-splitboarding/) ---